解答 I always take a walk[go for a walk] to the beach[the shore] early in the morning.Nothing is more pleasant[comfortable] than breathing(in)the fresh morning air and walking barefoot on the white sand.There is little traffic on this island of fewer than 200[two hundred] people and the only sounds are the birds singing in the trees and the wind blowing.When I look back on[look back to] the first time(when)I visited[came to] this island,I feel that it was my destiny to come here.

別解1 I am in the habit of taking a walk to the seaside early in the morning. It is very pleasant to get[to breathe] some fresh air and walk barefoot on the white sand.There are few cars on this island,where fewer than two hundred people live[,where there are fewer than two hundred people,whose population is less than two hundred].All you can hear is birds' singing in the trees and the wind blowing through them.When I recall the time(when)I first visited this island[I visited this island for the first time],I feel[I think](that)I was destined to come here.

別解2 I make it a rule to take a walk on the beach early in the morning.Nothing can compare with the pleasure of breathing the fresh air and walking barefoot on the white sand.There are fewer than two hundred people on this island,so you can see few cars.You can only hear[You can hear nothing but]birds singing in the trees and the wind blowing(through them).Looking back to the first time(when)I came here,it seems my destiny to have moved here.

2 最近の調査によると､日本人の本離れが進んでいる一方で､読書で満足した人が9割に達し､読んだもので人生観に影響を受けたと感じる人も6割いた｡若者を中心にインターネットによる本の購入が増える傾向もみられる｡

解答 A recent survey shows that while the number of Japanese(people)who read is decreasing[who do not read is increasing],90 percent of them feel satisfied with reading[with the books(that)they have read],and 60 percent feel that books have a great influence on[have greatly influenced] their view of life.Moreover[In addition/Furthermore],more and more people,mainly young people,are buying books online[on the internet].

別解1 According to the latest survey,Japanese people are reading less than they used to,but 90 percent of them say that reading gives them satisfaction and 60 percent say that their outlook on life has been influenced by books.There is also an increasing tendency[a growing tendency],especially among young people,to buy books on the internet.

別解2 A recent study shows that Japanese people are certainly reading less and less,but 90 percent of people say that reading makes them happy,and 60 percent say that books influence their outlook on life.Moreover,more and more young people are buying them online.

3 しかし失敗を完全に回避することはできない｡失敗からこそ学ぶことができる｡これまでの人生を振り返った時､順風満帆な時よりも､人生が思うようにならなかった時にこそ人生において大切なことを学んだということはないだろうか｡

解答 However,you cannot completely[entirely] avoid making mistakes.It is through[from](your experience of)failure[failures] that you can learn(lessons/things).When you look back(on your life),don't you feel[see/find] that it was when you had difficulties[difficulty/trouble(s)/hardship(s)/hard times/a hard time] rather than when everything was[things were/your life was] going well[going smoothly/going successfully all right] that you learned(the)important things[important lessons]

in life[about your life]?

I learned one important lesson through a bitter experience I had when I was a junior high school student.I had two close friends,Miho and Emi.One day Miho said bad things about Emi,and she told me to keep it a secret.However,I told on her to Emi.They had a big quarrel and Miho did not forgive me.After that big fight,Emi and I were on bad terms,too.I lost two friends.I learned from this experience that keeping a secret is critical if you want to have good relationships with friends.(98)

2

模範解答例1

If I could use a time machine,I would return to the time of Shakespeare to witness England's Golden Age,which saw the flowering of poetry,music,literature and exploration abroad.The English language was in its richest phase of development,with Shakespeare coining thousands of new words and phrases.All the excitement of this social and linguistic development could be experienced at the Globe Theater in London,where I could see Shakespeare himself performing in one of his own plays.(81語)

模範解答例2

If I could travel back in time,I would go to the time when I was in junior high school and read as many books as possible.At the age of 17,I found a book about philosophers.It deeply impressed me because it taught me different views of life.However,I could not fully understand the content of the book be cause I did not have the necessary knowledge.Therefore,I would like to learn more by read ing many books before I became a high school student.(87話)

3

模範解答例1

I would work for a large company for the following reasons.Firstly, at a large company I would get a higher salary and bonuses.A large company is unlikely to go bankrupt so my life would be stable.Secondly,there would be many employees,some of them from overseas,so I would be able to get to know a wide range of people.Thirdly,I would like to work overseas and would have more chance of being sent abroad by a big company.Then I could make use of my English and any oth er language I might learn at university.(100語)

模範解答例2

I would choose to work for a small compa ny.Generally,people can earn more money in a big company than in a small company,so many people choose to work for a big compa ny.However,I care little about how much money I make,as long as I can earn enough money for daily necessities.I would rather develop my skills as a worker.If I worked for a big company,I might have to spend more time doing small jobs.Meanwhile,if I worked for a small company,I would be more likely to have the chance to do big jobs even as a young employee.(107話)

4

I believe that you should travel abroad for the following reasons.Firstly, you can get to know another country through personal experience.Eating the local food,seeing the landscape,art and architecture and communicating with the local people will create a deep impression,quite unlike the merely abstract experience of reading facts about the country in a book,which are soon forgotten.Secondly,your experience of communicating with people whose way of thinking differs from yours will give you a more objective idea of the good and bad aspects of the society to which you belong.Thirdly,it will give you a chance to use a foreign language in a practical way and to realize that the language is an expression of the character of the people.The memories of your experiences there will make you feel that the language has become a part of you and that you would like to develop this aspect of your self further.In conclusion,traveling to another country will give you a genuine and personal motivation to study foreign languages and a real interest in foreign countries.This kind of awakening among people is vital to the future of the world.(197語)

5

模範解答例1

I believe that the most important thing when doing research at university is the qual ity of the question you are trying to answer.Firstly,it has to be a question that you have a deep personal interest in.This will give you the motivation to continue with your research,however difficult it may become.It will also be more likely to hold the readers' interest.Secondly,the question needs to be clear.This will affect the quality of your experiments if you are doing scientific research, or the content of your thesis if you are doing research in the humanities.(100語)

模範解答例2

I firmly believe that maintaining an open mind is the most important aspect of conduct ing university research for the following reasons.The first is that until your results are obtained,analyzed and explained to others,they are completely open to debate.If you start your research with a conclusion already in your mind,you will only have biases and assumptions.The second is that sometimes the greatest discoveries are the ones that suddenly come to the researcher.The only way you will seize these academic opportunities is by keeping your field of vision as wide as pos sible.(97話)

6

(1)May I help you with your cooking?I love Jap anese food and would like to learn how to prepare it myself.

(2)It's nice of you to offer to help,Tom,but this dish is a little tricky. Why don't you just relax until dinner time and I'll surprise you with something special.(21+29話)

7

〈Apartment〉

I would choose to live in the apartment for the following reasons.Firstly,although it would be more expensive than the other op tions,it would give me privacy.In a share-house or a dormitory.I would not be able to relax and sleep well or concentrate on my studies.Secondly,an apartment has the biggest space of all.Being able to invite my friends to my spacious room will be fun.Finally,the apartment is only a 15-minute subway ride to the university,and the 5-minute walk to the subway station would be good for my health.For these reasons,I would choose to rent the apartment.(107語)

〈Dormitory〉

I would choose to live in the dormitory for the following reasons.Firstly,it is the cheapest of the three options,half the price of the share-house and one fifth of the apartment.This is important to me as my finances are limited,and I do not want to do a part-time job because I intend to spend most of my time studying.Secondly,living in a dormitory and sharing a bedroom will make it easy to form friendships,which is important in my first year at university.Finally,I love riding a bicycle and would be happy to cycle 5 kilome ters to and from university every day.This will be good for my health and costs nothing.For these reasons I would choose to rent a dormitory room.(129話)

〈Share-house〉

I would choose to live in the share-house for the following reasons.Firstly,I would have a good chance to make friends because I would be sharing the kitchen with others,but I would also have a personal bedroom without which I would not be able to relax at night.For me,it is essential to have some private space.Secondly,I would have free access to the internet,which will be important,both for my research and to stay in touch with my friends.Finally,the share-house is in a convenient location.I could walk to the university in 15 minutes.Moreover,the subway station is only a 5-minute walk away,so I would be able to get to places easily.For these reasons,I would choose to rent a share-house.(132語)

1

(1)My grandfather's hobby is to collect antiques.

→collecting

(2)All you have to do is waiting here.

→(to)wait

(3)One of the most important purposes of learning a foreign language is communicate in that language.

→to communicate

(4)It is impossible that you look after the child.

→for you to look

(5)It is important that she knows this fact.

→for her to know

→that she(should)know

2

(1)今や日本人選手が大リーグで活躍するのは珍しくなくなってきた。

解答 Nowadays[These days](,)it is not unusual[not rare/not uncommon] for Japanese baseball players to play active roles[to play an active role/to succeed to have important roles] in the major leagues.

別解1 Nowadays(,)it is common[usual] for Japanese players to play active roles in the major leagues.

別解2 These days(,)it is not unusual to see successful Japanese players in the major leagues.

別解3 These days,it is no longer as difficult[hard] as it used to be for Japanese baseball players to play active roles in the major leagues.

1

(1)Not until yesterday I realized how foolish I was. 

→did I realize

別解 Not until yesterday I realized how foolish I was.

→It was not until yesterday that

(2)How far does it take to get to the station from here?

→long

(3)It cost to me a lot to leave my dog at the pet hotel. 

→cost me(toが不要)

(4)It is no use solving the math problem.

→trying to solve

(5)It has passed nine months since I was admitted to this school. 

→has been[is]

別解 It has passed nine months since I was admitted to this school.

→Nine months have passed

2

(1)私の祖母は40歳になるまで海外に行ったことがなかった。

解答 It was not until[only when] my grandmother was forty[was 40 years old reached forty(years of age)/became forty] that she went[traveled] overseas[abroad/to foreign countries].

別解1 My grandmother did not go abroad until forty[until she was forty/until she turned[reached]forty].

別解2 My grandmother went abroad for the first time when she was forty(years old)[at the age of forty]

別解3 My grandmother had never been abroad until she was forty.

(2)この洗濯機を修理してもらうのに、いくらかかりましたか。

解答 How much did it cost[has it cost](you)to have this washing machine repaired?

別解 How much did you pay to have this washing machine repaired?

(3)父が亡くなって10年になるが、今でも写真を見るたびに父の言葉を思い出す。

解答 My father passed away[died] ten years ago, but even now(,)whenever[each time] I see his picture(s)[photo(s)],I remember[recall/recollect/can hear) what he often told[what he would often tell] me[his words].

別解1 It has been[It is]10 years since my father passed away[died],but whenever[each time] I see his picture(s)[photo(s)],I still recall[recollect]what he often told me[his words].

別解2 Ten years have passed since my father passed away.However,a [the] picture of my father still reminds[pictures of my father still remind] me of what he would often say.

(4)親は子どもを机に向かわせることはできるが、勉強するかどうかは本人次第である。

解答 Parents can make their children sit at their desk(s),but it is up to the children whether they actually[really] study or not.

別解1 Parents can force[compel] their children to sit at their desk(s),but it depends on the children[it is their choice] whether they really study or not.

別解2 It is easy for parents to make their children sit at their desk(s),but it is up to the children whether they really study or not.

別解3 Parents can make their children sit at their desk(s),but they cannot make them study.

(5)外国に行ってはじめて日本の伝統文化の素晴らしさに気づく場合が多い。

解答 It is often not until[only when] you travel abroad[overseas/to foreign countries to a foreign country] that you realize[find out] how wonderful traditional Japanese culture is.

別解1 We often do not realize how great traditional Japanese culture is until we go abroad.

別解2 There are many cases where it is only after visiting foreign countries that you realize how wonderful traditional Japanese culture is.

別解3 You often realize that traditional Japanese culture is wonderful only by going abroad.

EXERCISES B

(1)祖父はよく、人は健康を失ってはじめてそのありがたさを知るものだ、と言っていました。

解答 My grandfather often told me[said](that)it was not until you became ill[you fell ill] that you realized[found out] how valuable staying healthy was  good[how fortunate you were to be healthy/what a blessing good health was].

別解1 My grandfather(often)used to say(that)it is not until you ruin[damage] your health that you realize how important it is[its importance/its value].

別解2 My grandfather(often)used to say(that)we do not appreciate good health until we become sick.

(2)人間の命に限りがあるとの意識が出てきたときに、人生を大切にする姿勢が生まれる。

解答 It is not until[only when] you realize(that)your lifespan[lifetime] is limited that you start[begin] trying(hard)to make the most of each day[each and every day/your life].

別解1 It is not until you realize(that)you cannot live forever(that)you(really)try to lead[live/have] a meaningful[full] life.

別解2 It is not until you become aware(that)you will die someday[some day] that you start[begin] trying to lead a meaningful[full] life.

別解3 It is not until we realize(that)we[humans/human beings] are mortal that we start[begin] to try not to waste your life.

別解4 Only when[after] we realize our own mortality do we start[begin] to lead a meaningful life.

(3)私は、10代のころ、公共交通機関がほとんどない地域に住んでいたので、自転車で高校へ行くのに1時間かかりました。

解答 When I was in my teens,I lived in an area where there was almost no[there was little] public transportation,so it took(me)an hour to get to high school by bicycle[by bike].

別解1 When I was in my teens,I lived in an area where hardly any public transportation was available[existed].Therefore,it took me an hour to bike[to cycle] to high school.

別解2 When I was in my teens,I lived in a rural area with[an area that had] almost no public transportation,so it took me an hour to bike[to cycle] to high school.

(4)私は自動車を運転してほとんど30年になるが、幸いこれまで事故にあったことがない。

解答 It has been[is] almost[nearly] 30 years since I started[began] to drive(a car),but[and] fortunately[it is fortunate that I have never had been in/been involved in] a traffic accident[an auto accident].

別解1 I have been driving(a car)for almost[nearly] 30 years,but[and] fortunately[luckily] I have never had[been in/been involved in] a traffic accident[an auto accident].

別解2 Almost[Nearly] 30 years have passed since I got a driver's license,but fortunately,I have never had a traffic accident.

(5)大学で学んだものの真価は、卒業後ある程度時間がたってからしか判断できない。

解答 It is not until[only after] some time[a lot of time] has passed since graduation(from university/from college)that you can judge[decide/figure out work out] how valuable[worthwhile/important] what you learned[studied] in[at] university[college] is.

別解1 It is not until many years after graduation that you can judge[decide/figure out/work out] whether what you learned at university is really[truly] valuable or not.

別解2 It is not until after a substantial[a considerable] amount of time after graduation that you can realize[find out] how valuable[worthwhile/important] what you learned at university is.

別解3 You cannot appreciate the true[real] worth[value] of what you learned at university until after a substantial period of time after graduation.

別解4 The fruit of(a[your])university education can be known only after a considerable amount of time after graduation.

別解5 Even if[Even when] you graduate from university,it takes some time to find out[realize] how valuable what you learned[studied] in[at] university[college] is.

1

(1)My wife's personality is different from me. 

→mine

(2)Barbara and I are like in tastes.

→alike/like each other

(3)Life is like a journey in several points.

→ways/respects 

別解 Life is like a journey in several points.

→on

(4) Unlike cats, you can make dogs wait to eat. 

→dogs can be made to

(5)Social greetings vary from countries to countries. 

→いずれも country とする。

2

(1)英語と日本語とでは発音も文法も根本的に違います。

解答 English is completely[totally/fundamentally/very/essentially/entirely] different from Japanese in(its)pronunciation and grammar.

別解1 English has completely different pronunciation and grammar from Japanese.

別解2 English and Japanese are completely different in(their)pronunciation and grammar.

別解3 The pronunciation and grammar of English are completely different from those of Japanese.

別解4 There is a big difference in pronunciation and grammar between English and Japanese.

1

(1)Even if I live in Japan,I cannot read Japanese. 

→Even though/Although/Though

(2)However you run fast,you will not be able to catch up with me. 

→However fast you run

(3)However much I tried, I could not solve this problem. 

→hard

(4)Whatever will happen to you,don't forget that I'm with you.

→happens[may happen]

(5)Wherever country you visit, you should try the local food.

→Whatever

2

(1)あなたが何と言おうとも、私は彼の言うことを信じます。

解答 Whatever you(may)say[tell me],I(still)believe him[what he says].

別解1 No matter what you say,I trust him.

別解2 Whatever you say,I still believe(that)he is telling the truth.

(2)たとえだれが私に決意を変えるように説得しても、私は自分の決意を変えるつもりはない。

解答 I will never[not] change my mind[take back my decision],whoever[no matter who] tries to persuade[tells/may try to persuade/may tell] me to.

1

(1)The older you get,the more difficult you learn English. 

→the more difficult it becomes(for you)to learn

(2)A lot of people believe that the more books they read,the more they become knowledgeable. 

→the more knowledgeable they become

(3)The more I thought about the project,the more I did not like it. 

→less I liked

(4)That question was easy than I had expected.

→easier

(5)Our new house has rooms twice as many as the one where we used to live.

→twice as many rooms as

2

(1)数学の試験は思ったほど難しくはなかった。

解答 The math test[exam] was not as difficult[hard] as I(had)expected[I(had)thought it would be].

別解 The math test[exam] turned out[proved] to be easier than I (had) expected(it to be).

(2)統計によれば、中国の人口は日本の約10倍である。

解答 Statistics[The statistics] show [indicate](that)the population of China is about ten times as large as that of Japan[Japan's].

別解1 According to(the)statistics,the population of China is about ten times as large as Japan's.

別解2 Statistics show that the population of China is about ten times larger than that of Japan.

別解3 Statistics show that China has about ten times as many people as[as large a population as] Japan(does).

別解4 Statistics show that there are about ten times as many people in China as(there are)in Japan.

(3)彼女の手紙を読めば読むほど、彼女の真意がわからなくなった。

解答 The more times I read her letter(s),the less I could understand what she(really)meant[she was saying/she said she(really)wanted to say/she was trying to say].

別解1 The more I read her letter(s),the less(well)I understood her(real/true)intention(s)[her(real/true)feeling(s)/her meaning(s)].

別解2 The more often I read her letter,the more difficult I found it[the more difficult it was] to understand how she felt.

別解3 The more I read her letter,the more difficult[harder] it was to understand her true intention(s).

(4)年を重ねると、月日の流れがどんどん速くなる。

解答 The older you get[become],the more quickly you feel(that)time passes[goes by].

別解1 The more you age,the faster time seems to pass.

別解2 As we get older,we feel(that)time passes[goes by] more quickly.

(5)過去について知れば知るほど、過去から学ぶこ との大切さを教えられます。

解答 The more we know[learn] about the past[about history],the more we realize[find out/learn/understand]how important it is to learn from it.

別解1 The more we know about the past,the more we realize(that)it is very important to learn from it.

別解2 The more we know about the past,the more we realize the importance of learning from it.

別解3 As we know more about the past, we will understand how important it is to learn(lessons)from it.

EXERCISES B

(1)図書館は思ったより混んでいたが、何とか空いた席を見つけることができた。

解答 The library was more crowded than I(had)expected,but I managed to find an empty seat[a vacant seat].

別解 I found(that)there were more people in the library than I(had)expected,but I managed to find a place to sit.

(2)考えれば考えるほどその問題は難しく思われ、僕にはお手上げだった。

解答 The more(deeply/seriously/carefully)I thought about the problem,the more difficult it seemed(to me).Finally[In the end],I gave up trying to solve it.

別解1 The longer I thought about the question,the more difficult I found it.Finally,I gave up trying to answer it.

別解2 The more time I spent thinking about the problem,the more difficult I found it.I ended up giving up trying to solve it.

別解3 As I thought more about the problem,  it became more difficult.Finally,I thought(that)I was not able to solve it[I could not solve it].

1

(1)In that country Spanish is widely spoken than English.

→more widely

(2)I have money as much as you do. 

→as much money as

(3)Kyle can write letters in Japanese as easy as he does in English.→easily

(4)My Italian is far better now than I left Japan.

→than(it was)when I left Japan

(5)I do not read as many magazines as I used to be.→used to

2

(1)沖縄は東京よりもはるかに暖かい。

解答 It is much[a lot] warmer in Okinawa than(it is)in Tokyo.

別解1 Okinawa has a much warmer climate than Tokyo(does).

別解2 The climate[weather] of Okinawa is a lot warmer than that of Tokyo[Tokyo's].

別解3 The climate[weather] in Okinawa is a lot warmer than that in Tokyo[Tokyo's].

別解4 Okinawa's climate is much milder than Tokyo's.

(2)アンドリューはまだ20代前半だが、年のわりに大人びて見える。

解答 Andrew is still in his early twenties, but he looks older(than he really is).

別解 Andrew is still in his early twenties, but he looks old for his age.

(3) 彼の英語は他の人のより分かりやすかったけど、それでもまだ彼が言ったことをすべては理解できなかったんだ。

解答 His English was easier to catch than other people's,but I still could not understand everything(that)he said.

別解 Even though his English was easier to catch than that of other people, I still could not understand all(that)he said.

(4)10年前に比べれば、この街に緑が増えたように思われる。

解答 It seems(to me)that this town is greener than(it was)ten years ago.

別解1 I think that in this town there are more(plants and)trees than(there were)ten years ago.

別解2 Compared with ten years ago, I think that in this town there are more(plants and)trees.

別解3 It seems(that)this town has more(plants and)trees than(it did)ten years ago.

(5)天気予報によると、明日は今日より3℃ぐらい暖かくなりそうだ。

解答 According to the weather forecast[the weather report],it will[is going to/is likely to be about 3°C[three degrees Celsius/three degrees centigrade] warmer tomorrow than today.

別解 The weather forecast says(that) tomorrow will be warmer by about 3°C than today.

1

(1)If it had been not for your advice, I would have lost a lot of money. 

→had not been

(2)If it were for a time machine, I could travel freely in time. 

→With/If I had

(3)I wish something wonderful will happen to me. 

→would[could]

別解 I wish something wonderful will happen to me. 

→hope

(4)I hope that there are twenty-five hours in a day. 

→wish,were

(5)At that time, I felt as if someone had been watching me.

→were[was] watching

2

(1)若いときに楽器を1つ習っておけばよかったと思う。

解答 I wish I had learned (how) to play a musical instrument when I was young[when I was a child/as a child].

別解1 I regret that I did not learn[not having learned](how)to play a musical instrument when I was younger.

別解2 (I feel[I think](that)) I should have learned(how)to play a musical instrument when I was young[a child].

(2) 私もあなたくらい車の運転が上手だといいのですが。

解答 I wish I could drive as well as you can[

well like you].

別解1 I wish I were[was] as good a driver as you are.

別解2 I wish I were as good at driving as you are.

(3)スマートフォンはたくさんの機能があってとても便利だが、家に置いてきてしまったら、その日一日まるで何もできない気がする。

[前半]

解答 Smartphones are very useful[helpful/handy/convenient] because they have(so)many functions.

別解1 Smartphones,which have so many functions,are very useful.

別解2 Smartphones have so many functions that they are very useful.

別解3 You can(easily)do a lot of things on[using] smartphones, so they are very useful.

別解4 Smartphones enable you[allow you/make it possible for you] to do(so)many things, so they are very useful.

別解5 It is very convenient to use smartphones, which have many functions.

[後半]

解答 ..,so I feel as if[as though] I would not be able to[could not] do anything all day[all through the day/for the rest of the day/the whole day] if I left mine[my phone] at home.

別解1..,so I feel as if[feel like/feel that] I cannot do anything all day[all through the day for the rest of the day/the whole day] if I leave[have left] mine[my smartphone] at home.

別解2 ...Therefore, you would feel as if you were not able to[could not] do anything all through the day if you forgot to bring yours[your phone] with you.

(4) もし音楽がなかったら、私たちの人生は味気ないものになるだろう。

解答 If it were not for music,our lives would be boring[monotonous/uninteresting/dull].

別解1 Without music, we would find our lives boring.

別解2 If there were no music in the world, we would lead[live] a monotonous life.

1

(1)If it will be raining that day,I will pick you up at the station.

→is

(2)If you are as old as I am,you will understand how I feel.

→When

(3)If I were in your place,I will apologize to the teacher.

→would

(4)If she simply admitted her mistake,I would have forgiven her.

→had simply admitted

(5)If we did not take the wrong bus,we would be eating lunch by now.

→had not taken

2

(1)私の留守中にヒラリーが訪ねてきたら､この伝言を彼女に伝えてくださいませんか｡

解答 If Hillary visits[calls on] me while[when] I'm out,could you(please)give her this message?

別解1 If Hillary comes to see me when I'm not at home,could you pass this message on[along] to her?

別解2 If Hillary should come here in my absence,could you give her this message?

(2)ただ1つのエネルギー源に頼るのは危険だ｡

解答 It would be risky[dangerous] to depend[to rely] on only one energy source[one source of energy/one kind of energy/one type of energy].