The s and s comprise about 15 percent and 7.5 percent, respectively, of India's population (or about 24 percent altogether, according to the 2001 census).[2] The proportion of s and s in the country's population has steadily risen since independence in 1947.

The Constitution (s) Order, 1950 lists 1,108 castes across 25 states in its First Schedule,[3] and the Constitution (s) Order, 1950 lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.[4]

Since independence, the s, s and Other Backward Classes (the three categories combined constitute about 60 percent of India's population) were given reservation in India. The reservation policy became an integral part of the Constitution through the efforts of Bhimrao Ambedkar, who participated in the Round Table Conferences and fought for the rights of the oppressed and depressed classes. The early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the Raj assessing the feasibility of responsible selfgovernment for India. The MorleyMinto Reforms Report, MontaguChelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context. A highlycontested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures.

In 1935 the British passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater selfrule and set up a national federal structure. The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937.[5] The Act introduced the term "s", defining the group as "such castes, races or tribes or parts of groups within castes, races or tribes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer".[6] This discretionary definition was clarified in The Government of India (s) Order, 1936, which contained a list (or Schedule) of castes throughout the Britishadministered provinces. Michael Griffin Titans Jersey

After independence the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of s and Tribes, giving (via articles 341 and 342) the president of India and governors of the states a mandate to compile a full listing of castes and tribes (with the power to edit it later, as required). A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, and (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc.

Affirmative action: Provide positive (preferential) treatment in allotment of jobs and access to higher education as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and STs with mainstream society. Affirmative action is popularly known as reservation. Seventeen regional offices of the Commissioner were established throughout the country.

There was an initiative to replace the Commissioner with a committee in the 48th Amendment to the Constitution, changing Article 338. While the amendment was being debated, the Ministry of Welfare established the first committee for SCs and STs (with the functions of the Commissioner) in August 1978. These functions were modified in September 1987 to include advising the government on broad policy issues and the development levels of SCs and STs. Craig Stevens Titans Jersey

In 1990, Article 338 was amended for the National Commission for SCs and STs with the Constitution (Sixty fifth Amendment) Bill, 1990.[12] The first commission under the 65th Amendment was constituted in March 1992, replacing the Commissioner for s and s and the commission established by the Ministry of Welfare's Resolution of 1989. While a large proportion of scheduled castes were Hindus, they belonged to castes and tribes with low populations. The 2006 Sachar Committee report also confirmed that members of scheduled castes and tribes were not exclusively Hindu.

The following table indicates the percentage of each religion's adherents belonging to a scheduled caste or tribe (note the distribution of religions):.

Last week, MSNBC's Rachel Maddow pointed out that parts of a speech Paul gave in support of Ken Cuccinelli, the Republican candidate for Virginia governor, had been lifted from the Wikipedia page for the film "Gattaca." BuzzFeed also found that another set of Paul remarks had borrowed from the Wikipedia entry for "Stand and Deliver."

"Yes, there are times when [speeches] have been sloppy or not correct or we've made an error," Paul said. "But the difference is, I take it as an insult and I will not lie down and say people can call me dishonest, misleading or misrepresenting. I have never intentionally done so."

He continued, "And like I say, if, you know, if dueling were legal in Kentucky, if they keep it up, you know, it would be a duel challenge. But I can't do that, because I can't hold office in Kentucky then."

Paul initially addressed the claims last week, admitting that he "borrowed" from the films in question but insisting that he "gave credit." Authentic Adam Vinatieri Jersey

"The rest of it's making a mountain out of a molehill from people I think basically who are political enemies and have an ax to grind," Paul said in an interview with Fusion. "This is really about information and attacks coming from haters. The person who's leading this attack she's been spreading hate on me for about three years now."

Obama Holds Final Primary Night Event In St. PaulST. PAUL, MN JUNE 3: Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Barack Obama (DIL) (R) and his wife Michelle Obama bump fists at an election night rally at the Xcel Energy Center June 3, 2008 in St. Paul, Minnesota. Obama clinched the Democratic presidential nomination following today's primaries in South Dakota and Montana, although his rival Sen. Hillary Clinton (DNY) has not yet conceded the race. (Photo by Scott Olson/Getty Images)

Barack ObamaPresident Barack Obama acknowledges the crowd as he exchanges fist bumps with the audience after speaking at Hyde Park Academy, Thursday, Feb. 14, 2013, in Chicago. (AP Photo/M. Spencer Green)

Obama Fist BumpPresident Barack Obama fistbumps custodian Lawrence Lipscomb in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building following the opening session of the White House Forum on Jobs and Economic Growth, Dec. 3, 2009. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)

President Barack Obama does a fist bumpPresident Barack Obama does a fist bump with Ethan Gibbs, the son of Press Secretary Robert Gibbs, after arriving by Marine One on the South Lawn of the White House, Washington, DC, April 19, 2009. President Barack Obama returned from the Fifth Summit of the Americas held in Trinidad and Tobago. Ahead Of PrimariesSPRINGHILL, WV MAY 12: Democratic presidential hopeful Sen. Barack Obama (DIL) (L) bumps fists with Iraq war veteran Paul Scott after playing a game of pool during a stop at Schultzie's Bar Hot Spot May 12, 2008 in Springhill, West Virginia. Sen. Obama and Sen. Hillary Clinton (DNY) continue to battle for the Democratic presidential nomination. (Photo by Mark Wilson/Getty Images)

McCain And Obama Address LULAC National ConventionWASHINGTON JULY 8: Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (L) gives a 'fist bump' to presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Sen. Barack Obama (DIL) during the national convention of the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) at the Washington Hilton July 8, 2008 in Washington, DC. Obama has been recently criticized for moving to the political center after calling for a slowing of withdrawal of troops from Iraq, supporting a proposed wiretap law and government funding of faithbased programs. Sen. Barack Obama (DIL) fists bumps with Ethan Gibbs the son of Robert Gibbs the campaign communication director as he arrives at Dulles International Airport October 22, 2008 in Chantilly, Virginia. Obama continues to campaign with election day less than two weeks away. (Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images)

US Democratic presidential candidate IllUS Democratic presidential candidate Illinois Senator Barack Obama (R) and North Carolina Governor Mike Easley bump fists at Sen. Obama's surprise appearance at a North Carolina Democratic Party dinner October 4, 2008 at the The Grove Park Inn in Asheville, North Carolina. troops during his visit to Camp Victory on April 7, 2009 in Baghdad, Iraq. and the first AfricanAmerican to be elected to the office of President in the history of the United States. President Barack Obama (L) holding a football, offers a fistbump, to senior staff member Pete Rouse (R), during a meeting with senior advisors in the Oval Office of the White House on April 8, 2009 in Washington, DC. and the first AfricanAmerican to be elected to the office of President in the history of the United States. (Photo by Pete Souza/White House via Getty Images)

US President Barack Obama gives a studenUS President Barack Obama gives a student a fist bump while touring the Wind Turbine Manufacturing and Fabrication Lab at Lorain County Community College, in Elyria, Ohio, January 22, 2010. Obama is visiting Ohio to tour local businesses and hold a town hall meeting on jobs and the economy. AFP PHOTO / Saul LOEB (Photo credit should read SAUL LOEB/AFP/Getty Images)

US President Barack Obama bumps fists wiUS President Barack Obama bumps fists with a school children after reading Christams book 'The Polar Express' to an audience of elementary school children at the Richard England Clubhouse and Community Center in Washington, DC, on December 21, 2009. AFP PHOTO/Jewel SAMAD (Photo credit should read JEWEL SAMAD/AFP/Getty Images)

US President Barack Obama fistbumps witUS President Barack Obama fistbumps with a supporter after speaking at a fundraiser for Senator Michael Bennet February 18, 2010 at the Fillmore Auditorium in Denver. AFP PHOTO/Mandel NGAN (Photo credit should read MANDEL NGAN/AFP/Getty Images)

US President Barack Obama (2ndR) fist bUS President Barack Obama (2ndR) fist bumps with Marvin Nicholson as he plays golf at Farm Neck Golf Club in Oak Bluffs on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, on August 26, 2010. The US First Family is vacationing on the Island until August 29. AFP PHOTO/Jewel Samad (Photo credit should read JEWEL SAMAD/AFP/Getty Images)

President And Mrs. President Barack Obama gives a fist bump to a young boy during a 'Let's Move' tennis clinic during the White House Easter Egg Roll on the South Lawn of the White House April 25, 2011 in Washington, DC. About 30,000 people are expected to attend the 133yearold tradition of rolling colored eggs down the White House lawn. (Photo by Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)

US President Barack Obama gives a youngUS President Barack Obama gives a young boy a fist bump as he greets guests after speaking about the economy at Shaker Heights High School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, on January 4, 2012. Obama announced plans to appoint Richard Cordray as acting head of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in a recess appointment, bypassing Congress and setting up a bitter electionyear legal showdown with Republicans. AFP PHOTO / Saul LOEB (Photo credit should read SAUL LOEB/AFP/Getty Images) Coby Fleener Jersey

Barack ObamaPresident Barack Obama fist bumps service members after he addressed troops at Bagram Air Field, Afghanistan, Wednesday, May 2, 2012. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)

US President Barack Obama (L) asks for aUS President Barack Obama (L) asks for a fist bump from a young girl as he speaks with patrons outside the Kozy Corner restaurant in Oak Harbor, Ohio, July 5, 2012, where he made an unannounced visit to speak with supporters while on a bus tour of Ohio and Pennslyvania. President Barack Obama gives a fist bump to Baylor University basketball guard Terran Condrey while welcoming the 2012 NCAA Women's Basketball champions in the East Room of the White House July 18, 2012 in Washington, DC. The Baylor Lady Bears became the first NCAA basketball team to complete a 400 season by defeating Notre Dame 8061 in the NCAA women's championship. (Photo by Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)

Barack Obama, Odyssey SimsPoint guard Odyssey Sims gets a fist bump from President Barack Obama at a ceremony honoring the 2012 NCAA Women's basketball champions Baylor University Bears in the East Room at the White House in Washington, Wednesday, July 18, 2012. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)

USVOTE2012DEMOCRATIC CAMPAIGNUS President Barack Obama (L) fist bumps with supporters after delivering remarks during a campaign event at Truckee Meadows Community College in Reno, Nevada, August 21, 2012. AFP PHOTO/Jim WATSON (Photo credit should read JIM WATSON/AFP/GettyImages)

Barack ObamaPresident Barack Obama pounds fists with a supporter after speaking at a campaign event at The Memorial Athletic and Convocation Center at Kent State University Wednesday, Sept. 26, 2012, in Kent, Ohio. (AP Photo/Tony Dejak)

Nike Shox R3Li twopiece tennis outfit includes DriFIT fabric, sleeveless vests and obsidian color tennis tennis skirts, tennis vest is specifically designed for the powertype player, but also with women soft style. Andrew Bogut Authentic Jersey

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