Scottish sailors witnessed this game in the 15th century and brought it over to the public links lands in Scotland. In the Scottish dialect, "klof" became "goff" and eventually "golf" for the English.

By the 1890s, golf courses ranged from six to twenty holes. One of the most popular courses in Scotland -St. Andrews - consisted of a long narrow strip of land with, at first, eleven holes; each golfer would play the holes out and back in again for a total of twenty-two holes. However, two holes were deemed too short and only nine were left, making the total the standard eighteen.

During this same decade, golf clubs in the United Kingdom used the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews to set the rules, making eighteen holes the standard.

Over those eighteen holes, golfers use Travis Benjamin Jersey a slew of strange, yet so familiar words: "birdie," "eagle,"

"bogey," "fore." These words are now used daily in golf games around the world, but few know the origins of such terms. All of these expressions came into golf vocabulary early on in the game, starting with "birdie"

in 1899. Travis Benjamin Browns Jersey

H.B. Martin's "Fifty Years of American Golf" ran an article in 1899 recounting a comment made by Ab Smith during a foursome match in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Smith retold that his ball "came to rest within six inches of the cup and he said, 'That was Authentic Travis Benjamin Jersey a bird of a shot!'"

Smith went on to suggest to his fellow golfers that when Desmond Bryant Browns Jersey a man plays a hole in one under par he should receive "double compensation." The other players agreed, and the four men began to call such a shot a "birdie."

"Eagle" soon followed to refer to a shot one better than a "bird." Additionally, but far less common, double eagles are referred to as an "albatross" - a bird even bigger than the eagle. Birdies, eagles, and the occasional albatross are something golfers wish for on their scorecards; however, to see a "bogey" is not so pleasant a surprise.

The term "bogey" originated in the early 1890s and came from a popular song in the British Isles called "The Bogey Man." Golfers during this time compared the quest for the elusive "Bogey Man" with the attempt at a perfect score. Eventually the term "bogey score" referred to the best score a player could make under perfect conditions. It was not until the 1900s/1910s that the concept of "par" came to be, thus replacing "bogey."

In order to avoid a "bogey," many golfers will call for a mulligan. This term is said to have originated when a man named David Mulligan played a course in Montreal, Canada in the 1920s. Three versions of the story exist: the first claims Mr. Mulligan hit his first shot on an impulse, did not like it, and re-teed to hit again. According to this version of the story, Mr. Mulligan's partners were so amused that they decided to name the shot after him.

Another version claims Mulligan had to drive the Desmond Bryant Jersey golf cart on bumpy roads and thus was allowed a second shot on his hits because he had been shaken up by the drive. Finally, a third story claims Mulligan came to the course disheveled from waking up late, and was granted a second shot because of his rush. Although it is not known which of these stories is true, it is generally agreed the David Mulligan in some way coined the term.

One of the more curious terms in golf is the word "fore," an exclamation frequently shouted before a player hits his shot. This word has a very simple explanation, dating back again to the Scots. The word "fore" is a shortened version of the word "before" or "afore," essentially meaning "look ahead" to the Scots. The Scottish used this as a warning in many instances, but, most likely, it originated from artillery men shouting a warning to troops ahead of them in battle. Authentic Desmond Bryant Jersey As early as the 18th century golfers adopted this term and began to use it on the golf course.

The name that all bass fishermen know is Ray Scott. Scott founded the Bass Anglers Sportsmen Society - the biggest bass fishing society in the US. He also created a number of fishing tournaments under the BASS society, including Bernie Kosar Jersey the Bassmaster Classic - the most well-known bass fishing tournament in the US. Today, fishermen know Scott as the father of modern-day bass fishing and an activist for many issues important to fishermen.

Michael Iaconelli is another very well-known bass fisherman who hails from New Jersey. He was named one of the top 100 amateur bass fishermen by BASS in 1994, when he was only 22. He would go on to win BASS's premiere event - the Bassmaster Classic - in 2003. In 2006, Iaconelli was named the Bassmaster Angler of the Year, one of the most Bernie Kosar Browns Jersey prestigious titles a bass fisher can achieve.

Today, Iaconelli hosts a fishing show on the Versus network and has co-authored his own autobiography. An interesting side-note about Iaconelli is that he has the dubious honor of being named one of the ten most hated athletes by GQ magazine, perhaps Jim Brown Browns Jersey because of his signature scream that he lets lose whenever he catches a large fish.

Kevin VanDam is another fisherman who's widely respected as one of the top bass fishermen in the world. Born in Michigan, VanDam quickly made a name for himself as a fisherman with the ability to catch bass under just about any condition - including storms. He has been Authentic Jim Brown Jersey named the BASS society's Angler of the Year three times, won its Bassmaster Classic twice, and was named the ESPN Outdoor Sportsman of the Year in 2002. VanDam is nowhere near done either, and he continues to compete professionally. As of the end of the 2007 season, he was the top ranked bass fisherman in the world.

Luke Clausen is another popular bass fisherman who has just recently come onto the bass fishing scene. While he's been an amateur fisherman for years, his win of the 2006 Bassmaster Classic launched him into bass fishing magazines and television shows across the nation. When asked why he fishes, Clausen responded "I fish to make a living, and I love to fish. I love the challenge each day. Every place we go to is different."

Of course, there are many bass fishermen across the world, and not all the famous ones are from the US. For example, the 2004 Bassmaster Classic winner, was Jim Brown Jersey Takahiro Omori, a Japanese angler who was living in Texas at the time. Bass fishermen in Japan, Australia, and South Africa often compete in their own tournaments and travel to the US to challenge pros like Iaconelli, VanDam, and Clausen in various tournaments. If you're just getting started with the sport of bass fishing, studying and learning from these pros is a great way to get going quickly.

Sally is injured in a car accident. Her injuries make her unable to work. She receives substantial discounts from her health care providers and her remaining bills are paid by Medicaide.

At trial the insurance defense attorney hired Alex Mack Jersey by the at fault driver wants to tell the jury about the discounts and Medicaide payments.

Will the trial judge allow him to do so?

No, says the ?collateral source rule.? At least not if she lives in one of the states that still support the rule.

Collateral Source Rule Explained

The term ?collateral? as used here means simply ?additional?. The at fault driver or ?tort feasor? as the law calls him, is responsible for making the injured person whole.

This includes making sure her medical bills are paid. Medicaide and the discounts are additional sources that have helped make Sally whole by paying her medical bills.

In the American legal system laws can be made by legislatures, administrative agencies, and by courts. The law Andrew Hawkins Browns Jersey created by courts is known as common law. The collateral source rule was court created in 1854.

The essence of this rule is summarized in Black?s Law Dictionary as follows:

?...if an injured person receives compensation for his injuries from a source wholly independent of the tort feasor, the payment should not be deducted from the damages [monetary compensation] which he would otherwise collect from the tort feasor. In other words, a defendant tortfeasor may not benefit from the fact that the plaintiff has received money Andrew Hawkins Jersey from other sources as a result of the defendant?s tort.?

It is an evidentiary rule which means that the injured person has the right to ask the judge to keep evidence of collateral source payments away from the jury.

The Alex Mack Browns Jersey most common collateral sources are medical insurance, workers compensation, VA medical benefits, Medicaide and other government programs.

Medical Discounts Authentic Andrew Hawkins Jersey

While some states have refused to give medical discounts the protection of the collateral source rule, the majority opinion is just the opposite. A majority of states permit a plaintiff to recover the amounts billed for medical care, even when those amounts are discounted by the health care provider pursuant to a contract with the injured person?s health insurer.

States That Have Modified Or Eliminated The Rule

The legislatures of twenty eight (28) states have either abolished Authentic Alex Mack Jersey or modified the collateral source rule.

These states are as follows: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, West Virginia.

Here is a list, as of the date of this article, of the fourteen states that have completely abolished the rule: Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, and Oregon.

At the National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies website you can find a list of the states that have modified the rule with a summary of the modification:

http://www.namic.org/reports/tortReform/CollateralSourceRule.asp

Even if you live in a state where the rule has been abolished or limited by the legislature, you should check on the current status as some state supreme courts have overruled the legislature and reinstated the rule.

Conclusion

If yours is one of the twenty two states that still have the collateral source rule in full or one of fourteen that have retained it in part, you need to know about and understand it.

Insurance companies will try to reduce your compensation by amounts which your health insurance has paid. Be alert, don?t let them put the evidence in front of the jury.

Disclaimer

This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to substitute for legal advice. Seek an opinion from an experienced injury attorney in your state of residence.