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<title>あかねのマクマリー特訓部屋</title>
<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/</link>
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<description>I'm an univ. student majoring applied chemistry. I read McMurry Organic Chemistry 8e to study both of English and chemistry. I'm going to summarize the book in English and put it on my blog weekly.</description>
<language>ja</language>
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<title>23-5. Mixed Aldol Reactions</title>
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<![CDATA[ <div><span style="font-size: 18px;">　今回は 23-5. 混合アルドール反応 を要約します。<br><br>&nbsp;This theme is 23-5. Mixed Aldol Reactions.<br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;">------------------------------------------------------------<br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><b><span style="font-size: 24px;">23-5. Mixed Aldol Reactions</span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;">&nbsp;An aldol reaction occurs with not only two same carbonyl partners, but also two different ones.&nbsp; When we use different aldehyde or ketone partners in the reaction, four possible products are yielded as below.&nbsp; Such the reaction isn't pragmatic.</span></div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/c2/ef/p/o0658032213576210466.png"><img id="1459173175373" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 298.51px;" alt="23-5(1)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/c2/ef/p/o0658032213576210466.png" ratio="2.0434782608695654"></a><br>&nbsp;However, in the case of two reaction conditions shown as below, a single product is given from a mixed aldol reaction.<br><br>Condition (1)<br>&nbsp;: One of carbonyl partners has no α hydorgens, but has an unhindered carbonyl group (such as formaldehyde or denzaldehyde).<br>→ It can't be converted into an enolate ion (donor).&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;It's&nbsp;a good&nbsp;accepter or nucleophiles.<br><br>ex)<br></p><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/d2/35/p/o0667015813576216601.png"><img id="1456328549948" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 144.49px;" alt="23-5(2)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/d2/35/p/o0667015813576216601.png" ratio="4.2215189873417724"></a></p><p></p><p><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>Condition (2)<br>&nbsp;: One of carbonyl partners is much more acidic than the other.<br>→ It's converted into an enolate ion preferentially.<br><br>ex)<br></p><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/ad/b9/p/o0715020513576218095.png"><img id="1459173471714" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 174.89px;" alt="23-5(3)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/ad/b9/p/o0715020513576218095.png" ratio="3.4878048780487804"></a></p><p></p><p><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>----------------------------------------------------------------<br>　以上、23-5. 混合アルドール反応でした。<br>　次回は 23-6. 分子内アルドール反応を要約します。<br><br>&nbsp;23-5. Mixed Aldol Reactions has finished.<br>&nbsp;I'm going to summarize 23-6. Intramolecular Aldol Reaction for next entry.<br>　<br></p><p></p></span>
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</description>
<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/entry-12132493709.html</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 28 Mar 2016 22:58:01 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>23-3. Synthesis of Enone</title>
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<![CDATA[ <div><span style="font-size: 18px;">　今回は 23-3. アルドール生成物の脱水：エノンの合成 を要約します。<br><br>&nbsp;This theme is <span style="font-size: 18px;">23-3. Dehydration of Aldol Products: Synthesis of Enone.</span><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;">--------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"></span></div><span style="font-size: 24px;"><b>23-3. Dehydration of Aldol Products: Synthesis of Enone</b><b></b><br><br></span><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;">&nbsp;The β-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones yielded from&nbsp;aldol reactions can give α,β-unsaturated products or conjugated enones by dehydration:<i> condensation</i>.&nbsp; Aldol products easily cause it for their carbonyl group.&nbsp; The dehydrations under&nbsp;each condition are shown as below.<br><br><p align="right"><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/15/c8/p/o0616042913576196402.png"><img id="1458288045333" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 424.82px;" alt="23-3(1)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/15/c8/p/o0616042913576196402.png" ratio="1.435897435897436"></a></p><p></p>&nbsp;The aldol dehydration proceeds by a bit more vigorous condition (slightly higher temperature) than the condition which&nbsp;cause the aldol formation itself.&nbsp; So, conjugated enones are usually formed by aldol reactions without isolating the intermediate β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds.<br>&nbsp;Also, conjugated dienes are more stable than nonconjugated enones, because π electrons are delocalized on the diene.<br>&nbsp;The aldol dehydration can lead the aldol equilibrium toward the product side.&nbsp; Even though we use unfavorable starting materials for the aldol reactions, most aldol condensations can be carried out in good yield.<br><br>ex)<br><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/34/f1/p/o0679018013576204831.png"><img id="1458288082518" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 161.7px;" alt="23-3(2)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/34/f1/p/o0679018013576204831.png" ratio="3.772222222222222"></a></p><p></p>&nbsp;So, the aldol reaction can give either a β-hydroxy aldehyde/ketone or an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde/ketone by the experimental conditions.<br><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/eb/eb/p/o0368013613576207181.png"><img id="1458288079814" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 300px; height: 110.86px;" alt="23-3(3)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/eb/eb/p/o0368013613576207181.png" ratio="2.7058823529411766"></a></p><p></p><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>---------------------------------------------------------------<br>　以上、23-3. アルドール生成物の脱水：エノンの合成 でした。<br>　次回は 23-5.混合アルドール反応を要約します。<br><br>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 18px;">23-3. Dehydration of Aldol Products: Synthesis of Enone has finished.<br>&nbsp;I'm going to summarize 23-5. Mixed Aldol Reaction for next entry.</span><br><br></span></div>
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</description>
<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/entry-12132489239.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2016 17:01:24 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>23-2. Carbonyl Condensations vs. α Substitutions</title>
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<![CDATA[ <div><span style="font-size: 18px;">　今回は 23-2. カルボニル縮合反応とα置換反応の比較 を要約したいと思います。<br><br>&nbsp;This theme is 23-2. Carbonyl Condensations vs. α Substitutions.<br><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;">-----------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><b><span style="font-size: 24px;">23-2. Carbonyl Condensations versus Alpha Substitutions</span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><b>&nbsp;</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;">&nbsp;Carbonyl condensations and alpha substitutions occur under the similar experimental condition.&nbsp; Both of them need a base, and proceed by enolate ion intermediates.&nbsp; How can we carry out one of them selectively?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><br>◎Alpha Substitutions</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;">&nbsp;In alpha-substitution reactions, we normally use a full equivalent of strong base to convert all carbonyl compounds into enolate ions.&nbsp; Then, any condensation reactions can't occur, because no unreacted carbonyl compounds is left.&nbsp; Also, the conversion takes place rapidly at low temperature.&nbsp; The enolate ion reacts with an electrophile as soon as&nbsp;it is added.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><br>ex)</span></div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><p align="left"><br><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160224/23/jmacnurry8/c1/15/p/o0528017413576181894.png"><img id="1457697189916" style="width:528px; height:174px; border:none;" alt="23-2(1)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160224/23/jmacnurry8/c1/15/p/o0528017413576181894.png" ratio="3.0344827586206895"></a><br>◎Carbonyl Condensation<br>&nbsp;Carbonyl condensation reactions need only a catalytic amount of a relatively&nbsp;weak base.&nbsp; When the base is added, a&nbsp;small amount of enolate ion is yielded.&nbsp; And, it reacts with an unreacted carbonyl compound: condensation reacions.&nbsp; Then, the basic catalyst is regenerated.<br><br>ex)<br></p><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/8e/f9/p/o0616029013576188106.png"><img class="selected" id="1457697680585" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 287.17px;" alt="23-2(2)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160225/00/jmacnurry8/8e/f9/p/o0616029013576188106.png" ratio="2.1241379310344825"></a></p><p></p><p align="left">------------------------------------------------------------<br>　以上、&nbsp;23-2. カルボニル縮合反応とα置換反応の比較 でした。<br>　次回は 23-3. アルドール生成物の脱水：エノンの合成 を要約します。<br><br>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 18px;">23-2. Carbonyl Condensations versus Alpha Substitutions has finished.<br>&nbsp;I'm going to summarize 23-3. Dehydration of Aldol Products: Synthesis of Enones for next entry.</span><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br></p><p></p></span>
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</description>
<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/entry-12132481738.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Mar 2016 21:09:43 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>23-1. Carbonyl Condensations：The Aldol Reaction</title>
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<![CDATA[ <div><span style="font-size: 18px;">　今回は 23-1.カルボニル縮合反応：アルドール反応 を要約します。<br><br>&nbsp;This theme is&nbsp;23-1. Carbonyl Condensations：The Aldol Reaction.<br><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;">-----------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-size: 24px;"><b>23-1. Carbonyl Condensations：The Aldol Reaction</b></span><br>&nbsp;Carbonyl condensations proceed by a nucleophilic addition and an α-substitution step with pairs of carbonyl compounds.&nbsp;&nbsp;In the reaction,&nbsp;a&nbsp;carbonyl compound is converted&nbsp;into an enolate ion nucleophile by base.&nbsp; And, it&nbsp;adds to the electrophilic carbonyl group of the other to a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.&nbsp; Then the base catalyst is regenerated.&nbsp; The general mechanism is shown as below.<br><br>ex)<br><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160304/23/jmacnurry8/1b/95/p/o0750031913584020576.png"><img id="1457101558666" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 259.45px;" alt="23-1(1)&amp;#39;" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160304/23/jmacnurry8/1b/95/p/o0750031913584020576.png" ratio="2.3510971786833856"></a></p><p></p><p></p>&nbsp;One carbonyl condensation reaction in which aldehydes and ketones with an α hydrogen atom are used under a base catalyst is called <i>aldol reaction</i>.&nbsp; An <i>aldol</i> is an organic compound with both an aldehyde group and an alcohol group.<br><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160219/23/jmacnurry8/21/96/p/o0363018113571749606.png"><img id="1457101604114" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 300px; height: 149.58px;" alt="23-1(0)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160219/23/jmacnurry8/21/96/p/o0363018113571749606.png" ratio="2.005524861878453"></a></p><p></p>&nbsp;The aldol reaction is equilibrium that depends on both reaction conditions and substrate structure.&nbsp; When aldehydes have no α substituent (RCH<span style="font-size: 12px;">2</span>CHO), the equilibrium generally progresses to the condensation product side.&nbsp; When starting materials are disubstituted aldehydes (R<span style="font-size: 12px;">2</span>CHCHO) or ketones, the equilibrium favors the reactants.<br><br>ex)<br><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160220/00/jmacnurry8/44/7e/p/o0518039813571763864.png"><img id="1457101605035" style="width:518px; height:398px; border:none;" alt="23-1(2)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160220/00/jmacnurry8/44/7e/p/o0518039813571763864.png" ratio="1.3015075376884421"></a></p><p></p>----------------------------------------------------------------<br>　以上、23-1. アルドール反応 でした。<br>　次回は 23-2. カルボニル縮合反応とα置換反応の比較 です。<br><br>&nbsp;23-1. The Aldol Reaction has finished.<br>&nbsp;I'm going to summarize&nbsp;23-2. Carbonyl Condensations versus Alpha Substitutions for next entry.&nbsp;<br></span><span style="font-size: 18px;"><br></span></div>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/entry-12130650459.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 Mar 2016 23:27:03 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>23. Carbonyl Condensation Reaction</title>
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<![CDATA[ <div><span style="font-size: 18px;">　すごく、すごーく久しぶりの更新です！（なんと3か月ぶり…）<br>今回から23章 カルボニル縮合反応 を要約します。カルボニル縮合反応は分子合成において非常に重要な反応です。反応の組み合わせ次第で様々な分子を生成できます。（この章を教えている時の教授はとても楽しそうでした。）　<br>　今回は23章のイントロダクションです。<br><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;I hadn't written any new reports on my blog for three months!<br>&nbsp; I'm going to summarize Chapter 23.&nbsp;Carbonyl Condensation Reactions.&nbsp; The reactions&nbsp;are very useful and important for syntheses.&nbsp; We can synthesize many kinds of molecules by combing the reactions with other&nbsp;ones.&nbsp; (Our professor had seemed to enjoy teaching this chapter.)<br>&nbsp;I'm going to&nbsp;show an&nbsp;introduction of the chapter on this blog.<br>&nbsp;<br>------------------------------------------------------------------<br>-The Foreword-<br>&nbsp;A carbonyl compound behaves as both an electrophile and a nucleophile.&nbsp; When an electron-rich reagent adds to it, it acts as the former (Chapter 21).&nbsp; When it changes into its enol or enolate ion, it behave as the latter (Chapter 22).<br><p><br><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160219/23/jmacnurry8/0f/db/p/o0501019313571713156.png"><img id="1456583683795" style="width:501px; height:193px; border:none;" alt="23-0" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160219/23/jmacnurry8/0f/db/p/o0501019313571713156.png" ratio="2.5958549222797926"></a></p><p></p>&nbsp;Carbonyl condensation reactions proceed by both these forms, and yield large molecules from smaller precursors.&nbsp; We'll study how the reactions occur in this chapter.<br><br>------------------------------------------------------------------<br>　以上、イントロダクションでした。<br>　「カルボニル縮合反応では巨大分子を合成できる」とのことですが、具体的には生体分子の合成に一役買っています。つまり生物にとって無くてはならない反応と言えます。<br>　次回は 23-1. アルドール反応を要約します。<br><br>　The introduction has finished.<br>　It&nbsp;says, "&nbsp;Carbonyl condensation reactions yield large molecules."&nbsp; In fact,&nbsp;biosyntheses involve the reactions.&nbsp; So,&nbsp;they are necessary for living things.<br>&nbsp;I'm going to summarize 23-1. The Aldol&nbsp;Reaction for next entry.<br>&nbsp;<br></span></div>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/entry-12130647376.html</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 28 Feb 2016 00:01:58 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>本紹介</title>
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<![CDATA[ <div><span style="font-size: 18px;">週1のペースでブログを更新したいと思っているのですが、最近は遅れ気味です(￣_￣ i)<br><br>今いろいろと立て込んでいまして　(具体的に言うとレポートとかレポートとか……)、今週はマクマリーを要約できませんでした。<br><br><br>その代わりと言っては何ですが、最近見つけた面白い本を紹介したいと思います。<br><br><br>それは…<br><span style="font-size: 24px;"><font color="rgb(255,127,0)"><b>「かならず上達する化学英語」　近藤　保著<br></b></font></span>です！<br><br>図書室でこれを見つけた時は「これは…私が求めていた本だ！！」と一人感動しました。<br><br>まだ読み途中ですが、英語での化学論文の書き方を丁寧に教えてくれます。例文が多いので、とてもわかりやすいです。<br><br>特に「似た意味を持つ動詞の使い分け」は目からウロコでした。<br><br>例えば、put, place, position, insert などが説明されています。4つとも「あるものをある場所に置く」という意味ですが、置く場所によって使用する動詞が異なります。<br><br>これらの使い分けを簡単に表すとこんな感じです↓<a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151204/02/jmacnurry8/0f/78/p/o0548017613501854362.png"><img id="1449162613306" style="width:548px; height:176px; border:none;" alt="本紹介1" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151204/02/jmacnurry8/0f/78/p/o0548017613501854362.png" ratio="3.1136363636363637"></a><p></p>putは置く場所が漠然とし過ぎるため、化学論文では使われないそうです。<br>「ビーカーを棚に置く」といった場合、「棚」という限定された場所が指定されてるので "place" を用います。<br>「ビーカーを棚の中央に置く」といった場合はさらに場所が限定されているため "position" を使います。<br><br>そして、insertは狭い入口からものを中に入れるときに使います。<br><br><br>この本には動詞の他にも、副詞の適切な使用や冠詞の用法なども紹介されています。<br><br>興味がある方は是非読んでみてください！中古ですがAmazonで売ってました。<br><br>（返却期限も迫ってるし、買おうかな…)<br><br><br></span></div>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/entry-12102501069.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 Dec 2015 02:36:30 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>22-7. Alkylation of Enolate Ions (5)</title>
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<![CDATA[ <span style="font-size: 18px;">　今回は生体内のアルキル化を要約します。<br><br>&nbsp;This theme is&nbsp;biological alkylations.</span><b></b><br><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;">-----------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 18px;"><b>◎ Biological Alkylations</b><br>&nbsp; Alkylation reactions known in biological chemistry are few.&nbsp; One example of the reactions is indolomycin from indolylpyruvate.<br><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;In the first step of the reaction, a base remove an acidic hydrogen from an α position, and an enolate ion (<font color="rgb(255,127,0)">※</font>) is formed.&nbsp; Next, the enolate ion cause an SN<span style="font-size: 16px;">2</span> alkylation reaction with methyl group of s-sdenosylmethionine (SAM).&nbsp; Finally, indolmycin is yielded.<br><br><font color="rgb(255,127,0)">※</font> Actually, enolate ion can't exist for long time in an aqueous cellar environment.&nbsp; So, proton is removed and at the same time alkylation probably occurs.<br><br>&nbsp; The reaction mechanism is shown as below.<br><br><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151107/00/jmacnurry8/cc/33/p/o0676038913476544019.png"><img id="1448281776427" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 351.02px;" alt="22-7(14)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151107/00/jmacnurry8/cc/33/p/o0676038913476544019.png" ratio="1.737789203084833"></a></p><p></p><p></p><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>----------------------------------------------------------------<br>　以上、生体内のアルキル化でした。これで22章はおしまいです！<br>　<br>　次回から23章カルボニル縮合反応を要約します。この章では本当にたくさんの反応が登場します。大学の先生いわく、「この章がマクマリーのなかで一番おもしろい」 だそうです。お楽しみに！<br><br>&nbsp; Biological alkylations&nbsp;has finished, and I had finished to summarize all items in chapter 22!<br><br>&nbsp;&nbsp; Next is chapter 23 "Carbonyl Condensation Reactions".&nbsp; The chapter shows&nbsp;many kinds of reactions.&nbsp; According to Our teacher, "This chapter is most interesting in McMurry."&nbsp;Please look forward to it！<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br></span><div></div></div>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/entry-12092720550.html</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2015 21:31:21 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>22-7. Alkylation of Enolate Ions (4)</title>
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<![CDATA[ <span style="font-size: 18px;">今回はケトン・エステル・ニトリルの直接アルキル化です。<br><br>This theme is direct alkylation of ketones, esters, and nitriles.<br><span style="font-size: 18px;">----------------------------------------------------------------<br><b></b><span style="font-size: 18px;"><b>◎ Direct Alkylation of Ketones, Esters, and Nitriles</b><br>&nbsp;&nbsp; We can also alkylate the α position of monocarbonyl compound directly.<br><p><br></p><p align="center"><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/35/11/p/o0342009013476523617.png"><img id="1447374603714" style="width:342px; height:90px; border:none;" alt="22-7(10)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/35/11/p/o0342009013476523617.png" ratio="3.8"></a></p><p></p><p></p><br>Then, we must use a strong base&nbsp;having steric hindrance&nbsp;in a nonprotic solvent.&nbsp; The base such as LDA completely converts monocarbonly compounds to their enolate ions without a nucleophilic addition.&nbsp; Also,&nbsp;protonations of the enolate ions will never&nbsp;occur in the solvent such as THF.&nbsp; Thus, we can cause all alkylation of ketones, esters, and nitriles (<font color="rgb(255,127,0)">※</font>) by using LDA in THF.<br><br><font color="rgb(255,127,0)">※ In the case of aldehydes, yield of pure products are usually low, because their enolate ion preferentially cause carbonyl condensation reactions (we will learn the reactions on chapter 23) rather than alkylation reactions.<br></font><br>&nbsp; Some examples of alkylation reactions are shown as below.<br>ex)<br><u>Ketone</u><br><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/ee/65/p/o0748051913476524428.png"><img title="22-7(11)" id="1447375214040" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 600px; height: 416.31px;" alt="22-7(11)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/ee/65/p/o0748051913476524428.png" ratio="1.441233140655106"></a></p><p></p><u>Ester</u>&nbsp;<br><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/2e/e4/p/o0611016313476524426.png"><img id="1447375022439" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 162.73px;" alt="22-7(12)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/2e/e4/p/o0611016313476524426.png" ratio="3.7484662576687117"></a></p><p></p><p></p><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br><u>Nitrile</u><br><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/92/ce/p/o0627019813476524427.png"><img id="1447374518696" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 192.63px;" alt="22-7(13)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/92/ce/p/o0627019813476524427.png" ratio="3.1666666666666665"></a></p><p></p><br>-----------------------------------------------------------<br>以上、ケトン・エステル・ニトリルの直接アルキル化でした。<br><br>次回は生体内のアルキル化を要約します。<br><br>Direct alkylation of ketones, esters, and nitriles has finished.<br><br>I'm going to summarize biological alkylation.<br><br></span></span></span>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/entry-12092708050.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 13 Nov 2015 09:37:24 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>22-7. Alkylation of Enolate Ions (3)</title>
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<![CDATA[ <div><font size="3">　今回から久しぶりのマクマリーです。久しぶりなので少し復習します。<br>22-7ではエノラートイオンの4つのアルキル化反応が紹介されています。その4つとは<br>1、マロン酸エステル合成<br>2、アセト酢酸エステル合成<br>3、ケトン・エステル・ニトリルの直接アルキル化<br>4、生体内アルキル化<br>です。<br>以前、1番目のマロン酸エステル合成を要約しました。これはハロゲン化アルキルから炭素鎖を二つ伸ばしたカルボン酸を合成する方法であり、その名の通りマロン酸エステルを使用します (そして、マロン酸は栗とは無関係でした) 。<br>　今回は2番目のアセト酢酸エステル合成を要約したいと思います。<br><br>&nbsp; <span style="font-size: 18px;">I hadn't&nbsp;summarized McMurry on this blog for about four weeks.&nbsp; So,&nbsp;I show a review of this chapter as below.<br>&nbsp; <br>&nbsp; We will learn four alklylation reactions with enolate ions ：<br>1, The molonic ester synthesis<br>2, The acetoacetic ester synthesis<br>3,&nbsp;Direct alkylation of ketones, esters, and nitriles<br>4, Biological alkylation<br>&nbsp; I had summarized the molonic ester synthesis before.&nbsp; It yield a carboxylic acid from an alkyl halide.&nbsp; And, as the name suggests,&nbsp; a molonic ester is used in the synthesis.<br>&nbsp; <br>&nbsp; I'm going to summarize the acetoacetic ester synthesis for this entry.<br></span><br>--------------------------------------------------------------------------<br><b>◎ The Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis</b><br>&nbsp; <span style="font-size: 18px;">The synthesis gives a methyl ketone&nbsp;composed of three or more carbons from an alkyl halide.<br><br><p align="center"><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/82/cf/p/o0393008013476479957.png"><img style="width:393px; height:80px; border:none;" alt="22-7(15)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/82/cf/p/o0393008013476479957.png" ratio="4.9125"></a></p><p></p><p><br>&nbsp; Acetoacetic ester (or ethyl acetoacetate) is a common name of ethyl 3-oxobutanoate.&nbsp; It's relatively acidic for the same reason as molonic ester.&nbsp; So, we can easily convert it into its enolate ion by sodium ethoxide.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; The enolate ion reacts with an alkyl halide to yield an α-substituted acetoacetic ester.&nbsp; Also, we can&nbsp;couse the alkylation reaction two times, because acetoacetic ester has two acidic α hydrogens.<br><br></p><p align="center"><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/67/98/p/o0680023113476479960.png"><img style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 207.22px;" alt="22-7(16)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/67/98/p/o0680023113476479960.png" ratio="2.9437229437229435"></a></p><p><br></p><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/5a/3b/p/o0680025213476479959.png"><img style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 226.05px;" alt="22-7(17)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/5a/3b/p/o0680025213476479959.png" ratio="2.6984126984126986"></a></p><p></p><p><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br><br></p><p></p>&nbsp; Hydrolysis of its ester Group and decarboxylation can occur by heating the alkylated (or dialkylated) acetoacetic ester with aqueous HCl.&nbsp; The decarboxylation proceeds by the same way as the malonic ester synthesis.<br><br><p align="left"><img id="1446994375943" style="width:503px; height:160px; border:none;" alt="22-7(18)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/53/56/p/o0503016013476479958.png" ratio="3.14375"><br><br>&nbsp; So, all β-keto esters with acidic α hydrogens can cause the three steps :<br>(1) Enolate ion formation<br>(2) Alkylation<br>(3) Hydrolysis / decarboxylation<br><br>&nbsp;One example of reaction with β-keto is shown as below.<br>ex)<br></p><p><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/10/69/p/o0788022813476480344.png"><img id="1446820611586" style="border: medium; border-image: none; width: 610px; height: 176.49px;" alt="22-7(19)" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151106/23/jmacnurry8/10/69/p/o0788022813476480344.png" ratio="3.456140350877193"></a></p><p></p><p align="left">--------------------------------------------------------------------<br>以上、アセト酢酸エステル合成でした。<br><br>次回はケトン、エステル、ニトリルの直接アルキル化を要約します。<br><br>&nbsp;The acetoacetic ester synthesis has finished.<br><br>I'm going to summarize&nbsp;direct alkylation of ketones, esters, and nitriles for next entry.<br><br><br><br></p></span><p align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br><br></p></font><p align="center"><br></p></div>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/entry-12092691396.html</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 08 Nov 2015 23:55:38 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>なぜマクマリーを読み始めたのか？（3）</title>
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<![CDATA[ <div><span style="font-size: 16px;">　“一石二鳥作戦”　つまり、英語で書かれた化学の本を読めば英語の勉強と化学の勉強が同時にできる！　という画期的な (？) アイデアです。<br><br>　何を読もうかと考えた時、マクマリー有機化学が思い浮かびました。<br><br>教科書としてすでに慣れ親しんでいたうえ、原書も手に入れやすかったからです。<br><br>マクマリーを読むにあたって、<br>私はマクマリーを読み続けるための動機が欲しいと思いました。<br><br>（正直、自分一人だけでマクマリーを要約し続ける自信はありませんでした……）<br><br>そこでたどり着いたのがブログです。<br><br>ブログならば他の人が読んでくれるというモチベーションを与えてくれます。<br><br>先生の助言もあり、ブログを始めるようと決心しました。<br><br><br><br>　<br>　以上、「あかねのマクマリー特訓部屋」が始まったいきさつでした。<br><br>結構長くなりましたね(^_^;)<br><br>今はマクマリーですが、そのうち違う本にも挑戦するつもりです。<br><br>(実は物理化学が好きなので、次は物理化学の教科書の原書を読みたいなと思っています。)<br><br><br><br>　ちなみに、ブログに時々現れる人形達は中学時代から自分のノートに書いている落書きです。<br><br>ノートを見直すときに字だけじゃつまらないかなと思い書き始めたのですが、<br>思いの外気に入っていまいブログにも登場してもらいました。<br><br>これからもちょくちょく出てくると思うので、この子たちをよろしくお願いします。<br><p align="center"><a href="http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151017/02/jmacnurry8/db/9b/p/o0383021913456420991.png"><img class="selected" id="1445015382876" style="width:383px; height:219px; border:none;" alt="ブログはじめました" src="https://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20151017/02/jmacnurry8/db/9b/p/o0383021913456420991.png" ratio="1.7488584474885844"></a></p><p></p><p></p><br><br>　</span></div>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/jmacnurry8/entry-12085037459.html</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 31 Oct 2015 20:28:43 +0900</pubDate>
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