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<title>'绝大多数是黑色和棕色'| ICU医生注意到COVID-19患者的种族差异</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>﻿'绝大多数是黑色和棕色'| ICU医生注意到COVID-19患者的种族差异</p><p>圣路易斯创伤外科医师劳里·庞克（Laurie Punch）博士说：“我已经看到子弹对我们有什么作用。我担心这种病毒的作用还会更大。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>作者：珍娜·巴恩斯（Jenna Barnes）</p><p>发布时间： CDT 2020年4月6日晚上10:29</p><p>已更新： CDT 2020年4月8日下午6:28</p><p>Facebook 推特</p><p>英石。路透社-芝加哥周一报道，该市死于冠状病毒的人中有70％是黑人。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>圣路易斯也开始出现这种差异。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Laurie Punch博士说：“因此，您所拥有的是一整群人，他们自己不能呼吸得足够好，需要呼吸机，而绝大多数人是黑人和棕色人。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>这些是医生通宵工作后的观察结果，在圣路易斯县北部克里斯蒂安东北医院的ICU中治疗COVID-19患者。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>医生说，那里正在接受治疗的一些冠状病毒患者已经死亡。其他人中最病的还没有康复。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>庞克博士说，在北部主要的圣路易斯和北部圣路易斯县地区，冠状病毒病例的数量是南部的三倍。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Both the city and county track cases by ZIP code, and their maps show a higher concentration of cases in north city and north county zip codes.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>"There's an inescapable risk for people in north city and north county because of those deep, historical norms that basically have created this scenario where life is not supported," Punch said.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>RELATED: Coronavirus cases by ZIP code in the St. Louis area</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>According to data from BJC Healthcare, African American individuals have 2.5 times the odds (loosely interpreted as "risk") of being admitted with a COVID-19 diagnosis. African American patients have 2.2 times the odds of being transferred to the ICU once admitted to the hospital. African American patients have nearly 4 times the odds of being placed on a ventilator.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>A BJC spokeswoman said those statistics are based on a small number of patients in the health care system and "do not represent the outcomes of a rigorous study of such factors, but rather, are a snapshot of what we are seeing in our data so far."</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Access to basic needs, like food and transportation, isn't guaranteed. For many families, physical distancing isn't even possible, Punch added.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Punch is also a trauma surgeon working in communities to fight gun violence. Punch runs Stop the Bleed, a program that teaches people how to stop bleeding in gunshot victims and said violence and the virus follow similar patterns.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>历史上的这一天</p><p>回顾当日发生的重要历史事件。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>广告由Connatix</p><p>"I've seen what bullets do to us. I'm worried the virus will do even more," Punch said.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>因此，为制止这种病毒，Punch呼吁进行教育宣传，更多检查，并制定稳定日常生活的计划，以帮助处境不利的社区生存。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>庞克说：“我认为这不会很快消失。”</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qaqqaq128/entry-12677762981.html</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 31 May 2021 12:24:34 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>seattletimes.com病毒起源问题</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>﻿seattletimes.com病毒起源问题</p><p>When did coronavirus really hit Washington? 2 Snohomish County residents with antibodies were ill in December</p><p>May 14, 2020 at 7:35 pm Updated May 16, 2020 at 10:25 am&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>An X-ray taken of a Snohomish County resident’s lungs in January found them to be “hyperinflated,” with “linear opacities …. suggestive of superimposed upper respiratory lung infection,” according to a doctor’s interpretation. The patient also later tested positive for antibodies to COVID-19. (Courtesy photo)</p><p>Two Snohomish County residents who’ve recently received positive test results for COVID-19 antibodies have separately told health officials there they first became sick in December – well before what was thought to be the first reported coronavirus case in the U.S.&nbsp; This is a copy of a doctor’s notification of test results for one of those residents. (Courtesy photo)</p><p>&nbsp;1 of 2 | An X-ray taken of a Snohomish County resident’s lungs in January found them to be “hyperinflated,” with “linear opacities …. suggestive of... (Courtesy photo) More&nbsp;</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Lewis Kamb By Lewis Kamb&nbsp;</p><p>Seattle Times staff reporter</p><p>She came down with a bug two days after Christmas, and for the next week or so, Jean, a 64-year-old retired nurse, suffered through a series of worsening symptoms: a dry, hacking cough, a fever and body aches, and finally, a wheeze that rattled her lungs.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>But after two trips to the doctor, chest X-rays and prescriptions for several medications, including a “DuoNeb” solution inhaled through a nebulizer device commonly used to treat asthma, her condition slowly improved.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Months later, after the novel coronavirus pandemic had exploded across Western Washington, the nation and into American consciousness, Jean and dozens of others like her, have wondered if their early winter colds really were undiagnosed cases of COVID-19, the illness caused by the virus. But her case didn’t seem to fit the profile. She hadn’t traveled abroad, and the official timeline was off: The first known patient infected by COVID-19&nbsp; — a Snohomish County man who’d recently traveled to China — wasn’t even confirmed until more than three weeks after she became ill.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“When I got sick, I didn’t even know what COVID-19 was,” said Jean, a resident of rural Snohomish County who asked only to be identified by her middle name.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>But after Jean received word from her doctor earlier this month that a highly touted serology test found a sample of her blood positive for antibodies to COVID-19, she’s now convinced the official timeline is wrong — and public health officials say she may be right.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Jean is among two Snohomish County residents who have positive serology tests potentially linked to COVID-like illnesses dating back to December, throwing into question whether the coronavirus arrived in Washington, and the United States, earlier than previously known.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>ADVERTISING</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Although neither case offers ironclad proof of that – an antibody test can’t pinpoint exactly when someone was exposed to the virus – each patient’s test results, combined with the clinical symptoms in December, appear to meet the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) case definitions for COVID-19.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“They are being considered ‘probable,’” Heather Thomas, a Snohomish Health District spokeswoman, said in an email Thursday. “However, they are not captured in our case counts from Jan. 20 forward.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>More on the COVID-19 pandemic</p><p>Our updated guide for getting a COVID-19 vaccine in Washington state</p><p>Our collected COVID-19 news and resources</p><p>After The Seattle Times asked about Jean’s case this week, the local health district said it had a second positive antibody case involving a person who showed symptoms in December, but provided no further details.&nbsp; Thomas said the district’s health officer, Dr. Chris Spitters, is planning to talk about the cases during a Friday news briefing. A brief report accounting for all of the district’s known reports of positive antibody tests, about 30, would be issued, Thomas said.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The two cases provide more circumstantial fodder to mounting doubt among medical doctors, research scientists and others that the Snohomish County man who tested positive on Jan. 20 is the purported Patient Zero who introduced the coronavirus to the U.S. The man had been traveling solo since November in Wuhan, China, where the outbreak appears to have originated. He returned to the Seattle area on Jan. 15 and days later began showing symptoms.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“My own guess is that there wasn’t one introduction or Patient Zero who brought the virus to the United States,” said Dr. Art Reingold, a public health epidemiologist at the University of California at Berkeley. “There were likely earlier and multiple introductions of the virus.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Timeline uncertain</p><p>Because the virus’s undetected spread in Washington and elsewhere predated broad testing in the United States, a definitive timeline for COVID-19-related cases and deaths remains in question, scientists say.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>ADVERTISING</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Already, studies in other nations have poked holes in what previously were thought to be starting points for the virus. Researchers in France recently found a COVID-19 case dating to Dec. 27 — nearly a month before that nation’s first previously confirmed case on Jan. 24. A genetic study published by researchers in Britain this month also found evidence to support “extensive worldwide transmission of COVID-19” likely infecting people in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere weeks or possibly months before some of the first reported cases in January and February.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“The amount of air travel into and out of Wuhan was enormous, probably thousands and thousands of people,” Reingold said. “It follows that there was likely multiple introductions around the world, quite possibly in December.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Likewise, a timeline for COVID-19-related deaths in the U.S. has been pushed backward. A resident of the LifeCare Center of Kirkland who died Feb. 26 initially was believed to be the first death,&nbsp; but retrospective autopsies of two people in Santa Clara County, California, in April revealed each had died from the illness earlier, with the first death occurring on Feb. 6. That discovery prompted California Gov. Gavin Newsom to direct local medical examiners and coroners to investigate whether COVID may have claimed anyone in the state even earlier — as far back as December.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Sign up for Morning Brief</p><p>Delivered weekday mornings, this email provides a quick overview of top stories and need-to-know news, including the latest on the novel coronavirus.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Washington state also has reviewed some cases of those who died from pneumonia or respiratory illnesses, but so far hasn’t found any that predate the first confirmed COVID-19 case in January, State Health Officer Dr. Kathy Lofy said. The King County Medical Examiner’s Office retrospectively tested 20 bodies in its morgue, but none were confirmed positive. Public Health – Seattle &amp; King County said it is reviewing medical records for some individuals who may have contracted the disease early this year. Medical examiners and coroners elsewhere in the state are considering retrospective testing of tissue and blood samples from earlier cases, but the state so far hasn’t directed such reviews.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Local and state public health officials also say they don’t have much capacity to investigate whether individuals like Jean, who receive positive antibody test results, may have had COVID-19 earlier than the first known case.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“It’s always interesting to go back and find out how things have started, but it’s hard to put those pieces together,” Lofy said. “I think a lot of our focus now is on the current spread of the virus and stopping new transmissions.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>ADVERTISING</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>As far as including positive antibody tests in daily case counts, public health agencies in Washington don’t yet appear to be on the same page. The CDC’s case definitions note “serologic methods for diagnosis are currently being defined,” but also list someone with a positive serology test as a “presumptive” case.&nbsp; That means to be formally counted, the person must also have had certain clinical symptoms at some point, or close contact with a confirmed or probable case of COVID-19 — details that require additional investigation to find out.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“Local health jurisdictions are encouraged to investigate patients with positive antibody results if they have the resources, but these investigations are not required,” state Department of Health (DOH) spokeswoman Lisa Stromme Warren said.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Still, DOH said it now counts antibody tests as “probable cases,” but the dates reported for them may vary based on when test results came back or on when symptoms or ties to other cases occurred.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Most Read Local Stories</p><p>Cops for $1,000 a day: How Seattle spends millions hiring off-duty police officers but does little to monitor their moonlighting</p><p>Coronavirus daily news updates, April 10: What to know today about COVID-19 in the Seattle area, Washington state and the world</p><p>A reckoning is due for Seattle’s dark side, as hate crimes and bias incidents soar 63%</p><p>Three North Seattle light-rail stations to open Oct. 2</p><p>How long will coronavirus vaccines protect you? Researchers offer educated guesses</p><p>The Snohomish Health District has received other reports of positive antibody tests, “but case investigations on those are a lower priority in follow-up, as our focus is on current cases,” Thomas said.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>A Public Health — Seattle &amp; King County spokesman said that agency isn’t now counting positive antibody tests in its daily counts, noting CDC guidance remains pending and there is “high potential for false negatives and positives” in serology tests.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Although a number of antibody tests have been found to be unreliable, the test Jean received — designed by Abbott Laboratories and now widely performed by the UW Medicine Virology Lab — is considered highly accurate. But even correct antibody test results can’t say for sure when someone was infected with the virus. For instance, Jean’s cold in late December could have been caused by a different virus, and she may have picked up an asymptomatic or mild case of COVID-19 sometime later, scientists and health officials said.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Sponsored</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>Other than that bad cold, “I didn’t get sick any other time,” Jean said. “If I didn’t get the virus then, I can’t imagine when I would’ve gotten it.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>If any Washington cases predated the first known case, there were probably very few that didn’t multiply, said Dr. Jared Roach, a senior research scientist at the Institute for Systems Biology, a Seattle-based biomedical research firm.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The Seattle Flu Study’s comprehensive assessment of nasal specimens collected in the Seattle area between January and March detected only 25 COVID cases out of more than 2,353 samples. That included what was then the first known case of community transmission on Feb. 24 — a Snohomish County teen who was infected by a SARS-CoV-2 strain with a genetic sequence found to be nearly identical to that of first known case in January.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>We need your support</p><p>In-depth journalism takes time and effort to produce, and it depends on paying subscribers. If you value these kinds of stories, consider subscribing.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Genetic sequencing of multiple cases from the Western Washington outbreak by Nextstrain, an open-source genome data project, further indicates “there is not a lot of support for an earlier, independent event,” Roach said.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>But that doesn’t rule out the possibility that isolated transmissions infected some people earlier, but simply didn’t spread widely, Roach said.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“If you think of transmission in terms of sparks landing on tinder, some of them land, but don’t catch. And then — boom — one of them does and starts a fire,” he said. “So, maybe there were a few early sparks in Western Washington.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>ADVERTISING</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Troubling symptoms</p><p>In the weeks before she started feeling sick, Jean said she didn’t leave home much.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>She met a friend for lunch in Snohomish, did some grocery shopping and attended a holiday lighting event. She also visited her rheumatologist’s office in Seattle, telling him she wanted to change a medication for her arthritis that suppressed her immune system and caused bad side effects.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Her cough started two days after Christmas. After her condition worsened on Jan. 4, a doctor found her lungs hyperinflated, put her on an asthma course and advised her to get her lungs checked in a month, medical records show.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>When she was feeling well enough, Jean and her husband traveled to Utah to visit their daughter’s family, staying for several weeks. An early February check-up with a doctor there showed she’d fully recovered, with a breathing test giving her the lung age of a 45-year-old.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>After returning home, she met a friend — a nurse from a Bellevue hospital — in Kirkland, a few miles from the nursing home where a deadly outbreak occurred about two weeks later.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“My friend hasn’t been sick, but is it possible I picked up something in Kirkland?” Jean asked. “I guess.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>ADVERTISING</p><p>Skip Ad</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>But more likely, she suspects, the cold she caught in late December that caused her to cough up blood and throttled her breathing was COVID-19.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“I told people, if that wasn’t coronavirus I had, then I’ll&nbsp; be dead if I really do get it,” she said.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>For weeks, Jean planned to get an antibody test, but opted to wait until a good one became available. In late April, she had her doctor take a blood sample and order the UW test. After results came back positive on May 1, she felt both fear and relief, she said.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“I understand that it’s not 100% and that there’s no guarantee that antibodies bring immunity,” she said. “But it gives me some peace of mind that if I get it again, I can survive.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Seattle Times staff writer Asia Fields contributed to this report.</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qaqqaq128/entry-12677172718.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 28 May 2021 12:00:06 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>健康公平考虑因素与种族和少数族裔群体</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>﻿健康公平考虑因素与种族和少数族裔群体</p><p>2021年2月12日更新</p><p>打印</p><p>在不同情况下的形形色色的人的旗帜插图</p><p>在本页面</p><p>导致风险增加的因素</p><p>我们能做什么</p><p>有关COVID-19和种族与族裔的数据</p><p>参考</p><p>长期的系统健康和社会不平等现象使许多种族和少数民族群体的人患COVID-19致死的风险增加。“种族和少数族裔群体”一词包括具有各种背景和经验的有色人种。但是，这些人群中的许多人都有一些共同的经验，而健康的社会决定因素历来使他们无法获得经济，身体和情感健康的公平机会。[1]</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>越来越多的证据表明，某些种族和少数族裔群体正受到COVID-19的不成比例的影响。[2]，[3]，[4]，[5]，[6] 影响贫困人群健康的社会决定因素（例如贫困和医疗保健机会）是相互关联的，并影响着广泛的健康状况和生活质量生活结果和风险。[1]为了实现健康公平，必须消除障碍，以便每个人都有公平的机会尽可能地健康。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>导致风险增加的因素</p><p>社会健康状况决定因素中的许多不平等现象，使种族和少数族裔人群因COVID-19而生病和死亡的风险增加，其中一些包括：</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>歧视：不幸的是，在旨在保护幸福或健康的系统中存在歧视。这种系统的示例包括医疗保健，住房，教育，刑事司法和金融。包括种族主义在内的歧视会导致长期和有毒的压力，并影响社会和经济因素，使一些种族和少数民族群体的人患COVID-19的风险增加。[5]，[7]，[8]，[9]</p><p>医疗保健的获取和利用：与非西班牙裔白人相比，来自某些种族和少数族裔群体的人没有保险的可能性更大。[10]这些群体的医疗保健机会也可能受到许多其他因素的限制，例如交通不便，托儿服务不足或有时间休假的能力；沟通和语言障碍；患者与提供者之间的文化差异；以及医疗系统中的历史和当前歧视。[11]一些来自种族和少数民族的人可能会犹豫，因为他们不信任负责治疗不公的政府和医疗体系[12] 以及历史事件，例如“塔斯克吉研究非裔美国男性未经治疗的梅毒”和未经人们许可的绝育。[13]，[14]，[15]，[16]</p><p>职业：某些种族和少数族裔的人在基本工作环境中所占的比例过高，例如医疗保健设施，农场，工厂，杂货店和公共交通。[17]在这些环境中工作的一些人由于多种因素（例如与公众或其他工人的密切接触，不能在家工作而无法工作）暴露于导致COVID-19的病毒的机会更大。支付了病假。[18]</p><p>教育，收入和贫富差距：某些种族和少数族裔群体获得高质量教育的机会不平等，可能会导致高中毕业率下降和升入大学的障碍。这可能会限制未来的工作选择，并导致较低的薪资或不稳定的工作。[19] 工作选择有限的人离开工作的灵活性可能较低，这可能使他们面临暴露于导致COVID-19的病毒的较高风险。在这种情况下的人即使生病了，也常常不能错过工作，因为他们没有足够的积蓄来购买食物和其他重要生活需求之类的必需品。</p><p>住房：一些来自种族和少数民族的人生活在拥挤的环境中，这使得遵循预防策略更具挑战性。在某些文化中，几代人的家庭成员常住一个家庭。此外，在COVID-19大流行期间，某些种族和少数族裔群体失业率的上升和成比例的增长[19] 可能导致驱逐和无家可归或住房分担的更大风险。</p><p>这些因素和其他因素与更多的COVID-19病例，住院治疗以及在种族和少数民族居住，学习，工作，娱乐和崇拜的地区死亡有关。[5]，[10]，[20]，[21] 它们还有助于提高某些医疗状况的发生率， 从而增加患COVID-19的重病风险。此外，社区策略减缓COVID-19的传播可能会对某些种族和少数民族造成意外伤害，例如工资损失，服务获得减少和压力增加。[22]</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>我们能做什么</p><p>COVID-19大流行可能会改变我们彼此联系和相互支持的某些方式。当个人和社区对COVID-19的建议和情况（例如，学校停课，工作场所停课，社会疏远）做出回应时，通常会对情感幸福产生意想不到的负面影响，例如失去社交联系和支持。共同的信仰，家庭和文化纽带是社会支持的共同来源。寻找保持支持和联系的方法，即使彼此分开，也可以增强和鼓励个人和社区保护自己，照顾生病的人，保持孩子的健康并更好地应对压力。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>基于社区和信仰的组织，雇主，医疗保健系统和提供者，公共卫生机构，政策制定者以及其他所有人都在帮助促进公平获得健康方面发挥了作用。为防止COVID-19的传播，我们必须共同努力，确保人们拥有维持和管理其身心健康的资源，包括轻松获得信息，负担得起的测试以及医学和精神卫生保健。我们需要适合种族和少数民族生活，学习，工作，娱乐和崇拜的社区的计划和实践。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>有关COVID-19和种族与族裔的数据</p><p>CDC资源</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>CDC COVID数据跟踪器</p><p>COVID-NET：美国COVID-19住院数据每周总结</p><p>COVID数据跟踪器每周审查：COVID-19数据的每周摘要和解释</p><p>其他资源</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>COVID跟踪项目的COVID种族数据跟踪器外部图标</p><p>埃默里大学的COVID-19健康股权互动仪表板外部图标</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>参考</p><p>[1]美国卫生与公共服务部。健康的社会决定因素[在线]。2020年（引自2020年6月20日）。可从https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health获得外部图标</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[2] Stokes EK，Zambrano LD，Anderson KN等。《 2019年冠状病毒疾病病例监测》，美国，2020年1月22日至5月30日。MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69：759–765。DOI：http：//dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[3] Killerby ME，Link-Gelles R，Haight SC等。患有COVID-19的患者中与住院相关的特征-佐治亚州亚特兰大都会，2020年3月至4月。MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep。ePub：2020年6月17日。DOI：http：//dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6925e1外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[4] Gold JA，Wong KK，Szablewski CM等。住院COVID-19的成年患者的特征和临床结果-乔治亚州，2020年3月。MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69：545-550。DOI：http：//dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6918e1外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[5] Price-Haygood EG，Burton J，Fort D，SeoaneL。Covid-19黑人患者和白人患者的住院和死亡率。N Engl J Med2020。DOI：https：//doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa2011686外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[6] Millet GA，Jones AT，Bunkerser D等。评估COVID-19对黑人社区的不同影响。Ann Epidemiol。2020; 47：37-44。DOI：https：//doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.05.003外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[7]天堂Y。关于自我报告的种族主义和健康的实证研究的系统综述。Int J Epidemiol。2006年；35（4）：888-901。DOI：https：//doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl056外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[8] Simons RL，Lei MK，Beach SRH等。歧视，隔离和慢性炎症：测试美国黑人健康状况不佳的风化解释。Dev Psychol。2018; 54（10）：1993-2006。DOI：https：//doi.org/10.1037/dev0000511外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[9] Cordes J，Castro MC。纽约市COVID-19聚类和相关因素的空间分析。吐时空流行病。2020; 34：100355。DOI：https：//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sste.2020.100355外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[10] Berchick，Edward R.，Jessica C.Barnett和Rachel D.Upton当前人口报告，P60-267（RV），美国健康保险范围：2018年，美国政府印刷局，华盛顿特区，2019年。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[11]美国医学研究所保险后果委员会。无覆盖的护理：太少，太晚。华盛顿（DC）：国家科学院出版社（美国）；2002年。DOI：https：//doi.org/10.17226/10367外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[12]医学院。2003年。《不平等待遇：在保健方面面对种族和种族差异》。华盛顿特区：国家科学院出版社。DOI：https：//doi.org/10.17226/10260外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[13]美国国家医学图书馆。土著声音：时间轴：政府承认对印度妇女进行了强迫绝育[在线]。2011 [引用日期：2020年6月24日]。可从以下网址获得：https : //www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/543.html外部图标</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[14] Novak NL，Lira N，O'Connor KE，Harlow SD，Kardia SLR，Stern AM。根据加利福尼亚的《优生灭菌计划》（1920-1945年）对拉丁裔进行不成比例的灭菌。我是J公共卫生。2018; 108（5）：611-613。DOI：https：//dx.doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2018.304369外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[15] Stern AM。以公共卫生的名义进行消毒：现代加利福尼亚州的种族，移民和生殖控制。我是J公共卫生。2005年7月； 95（7）：1128-38。DOI：https：//dx.doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2004.041608外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[16] Prather C，Fuller TR，Jeffries WL 4th等。种族主义，非裔美国妇女及其性健康和生殖健康：历史和当代证据及其对健康公平的启示。健康公平。2018; 2（1）：249-259。DOI：https：//dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fheq.2017.0045外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[17]美国劳工统计局。2018年按种族和种族划分的劳动力特征[在线]。2019 [引用日期2020 Jun 24]。可从URL获得：https : //www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2018/home.htm外部图标</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[18]经济政策研究所。黑人工人面临着冠状病毒最致命的两个现存条件，即种族主义和经济不平等[在线]。2020年（引自2020年6月28日）。可从URL获得：https : //www.epi.org/publication/black-workers-covid/外部图标</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[19]安妮·凯西基金会。教育机会不平等[在线]。2006年（引自2020年6月24日）。可从以下网址获得：https : //www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-racemattersEDUCATION-2006.pdfpdf图标外部图标</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[20] Wadhera RK，Wadhera P，Gaba P，Figueroa JF，Joynt Maddox KE，Yeh RW和ShenC。纽约市各自治区COVID-19住院和死亡人数的差异。贾玛 2020; 323（21），2192-2195。https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.7197外部图标</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[21] Kim SJ，Bostwick W.在芝加哥COVID-19死亡中的社会脆弱性和种族不平等。健康教育行为。2020; 47（4）：509-513。DOI：https：//doi.org/10.1177/1090198120929677外部图标。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>[22] Webb Hooper M，那不勒斯AM，佩雷斯·稳定EJ。COVID-19和种族/民族差异。贾玛 2020; 323（24）：2466-2467。DOI：https：//doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.8598外部图标。</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qaqqaq128/entry-12676982200.html</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 27 May 2021 12:31:56 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>Ramseeds</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>﻿Ramseeds</p><p>@Ramseeds</p><p>coronavirus been around since november and there was a boom of people who got sick with the “flu” with the exact same symptoms as coronavirus.</p><p>most of us all probably had it and have antibodies now.</p><p>Quote Tweet</p><p>Los Angeles Times</p><p>@latimes</p><p>&nbsp;· Apr 22, 2020</p><p>Breaking: Two coronavirus-infected people died in Santa Clara County on Feb. 6 and Feb. 17, the medical examiner revealed Tuesday, making them first documented COVID-19 fatalities in the United States. https://latimes.com/california/story/2020-04-21/autopsies-reveal-first-confirmed-u-s-coronavirus-deaths-occurred-in-bay-area-in-early-february</p><p>Show this thread</p><p>3:00 AM · Apr 23, 2020·Twitter for iPhone</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qaqqaq128/entry-12676782240.html</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 26 May 2021 12:04:47 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>MasterBismuth</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>﻿MasterBismuth</p><p>@MasterBismuth</p><p>Y'know, I wouldn't be surprised if there were something to the supposition that folks had COVID19 last year before it came to popular attention. I was damn sick for most of December and it took a solid 2 weeks to get over. I'll never know what it was, so whatever.</p><p>3:37 PM · Mar 13, 2020·Twitter Web App</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qaqqaq128/entry-12676591036.html</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 25 May 2021 12:22:50 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>疫情導致美國黑人受經濟打擊最重</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>﻿疫情導致美國黑人受經濟打擊最重</p><p>2020年5月28日</p><p>美國之音</p><p>2020年3月17日人們在拉斯維加斯一職業中心排隊等候失業救濟。</p><p>2020年3月17日人們在拉斯維加斯一職業中心排隊等候失業救濟。</p><p>分享</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;打印</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>加州奧克蘭 —&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;嵌入 分享</p><p>疫情導緻美國黑人受經濟打擊最重</p><p>by 美國之音</p><p>&nbsp;嵌入 分享</p><p>代碼已複製到剪貼板。</p><p>&lt;iframe src="https://www.voacantonese.com/embed/player/0/5439331.html?type=audio" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="144" allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The URL has been copied to your clipboard</p><p>分享到臉書</p><p>分享到推特網</p><p>https://www.voacantonese.com/a/5439331.html</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>No media source currently available</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>0:002:38</p><p>0:00</p><p>&nbsp;下載&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;彈出播放器</p><p>新冠疫情大流行的經濟影響使非洲裔美國人深受打擊。美國黑人的失業率接近17％，白人則為14.5％。對於這些美國人來說，要獲得聯邦財政援助也不容易。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>自3月中旬加利福尼亞州的居家令生效以來，特倫斯·卡恩一直沒能在他的奧克蘭理髮店工作。即使收入枯竭，他也沒有申請聯邦幫助。他說：“實際上我給銀行打電話了，但他們說他們不再接受任何申請了。作為小生意，我們並不確切了解應該怎麼去辦，因為沒有什麼可用的信息。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>卡恩很幸運，因為他擁有自己的住房，還有一些積蓄，而妻子在雜貨店工作。但是，美國黑人在疫情中受到了經濟影響的沉重打擊。四月份，黑人失業者高達將近17％，白人則為14％。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>最近的一項調查顯示，與其他群體相比，他們不太可能有額外存款來支付三個月的費用。東奧克蘭黑人文化區的卡羅琳·約翰遜說，跟銀行沒有關係的黑人企業感到很難申請聯邦資助。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>東奧克蘭黑人文化區執行董事卡羅琳·約翰遜說：“如果您沒有一點關係，貸款業務員又對你的電子表格不太熟悉，因為他們還是一個月前看到過一次，那麼貸款業務手續會慢些，而就差那一點點時間也足以讓人錯過機會，因為到時資金可能就用完了。可以說，一步難就步步難。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>奧克蘭“雞肉和鬆餅之家”餐館的擁有者德里克·約翰遜得到了一些聯邦援助，但錢卻呆在他的銀行帳戶中。他估計無法滿足該基金的要求，即在八星期內僱用他原有人手的70％。他說：“如果我不能用那筆錢，我懷疑我能不能再維持下去。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>他擔心自己的員工，其中很多人都是假釋者。有些人找到了工作，但不是全部。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>他說：“我從這個人群中僱傭的工人有大部分人…就像我說的那樣，沒有互聯網，也就沒法上網。那他們怎麼申請失業呢？他們甚至怎麼會知道有這樣的救濟項目呢？”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>對於理髮師卡恩而言，這很簡單。他說：“感謝上帝，我能維持一陣兒。我只是不知道要多久。等著看吧。我一直在祈禱。力爭保持積極的態度。”</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qaqqaq128/entry-12676386307.html</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 24 May 2021 11:45:10 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>美警殺黑人：示威加劇病毒傳播　恐爆第二波疫情</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>﻿美警殺黑人：示威加劇病毒傳播　恐爆第二波疫情</p><p>2020年05月31日(日) 23:07</p><p>Tweet</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>博頓斯呼籲民眾勿在疫情期間出去示威。</p><p>美國新冠肺炎肆虐之際，反警暴示威在全國蔓延。衛生專家日前表示，示威現場人群密集，不少人更沒戴口罩，恐無症狀感染者不知不覺間將病毒傳染給他人，導致第二波疫情爆發。</p><p>明尼蘇達州衛生部門指，幾乎可以肯定這些示威活動將加劇病毒傳播。明州州長沃爾茲（Tim Walz）指責，明尼阿波利斯不少示威者利用疫情，通過戴口罩隱藏身分，令局面變得混亂。明尼阿波利斯上周四（28日）新增35宗確診病例，創單日新高，上周五（29日）再新增29宗確診。</p><p>喬治亞州亞特蘭大市長博頓斯（Keisha Lance Bottoms）上周六（30日）警告示威者：「如果你昨晚出去示威，那麼這周可能要進行檢測。」博頓斯表示，美國目前疫情仍嚴峻，其中黑人及其他有色人種死亡率偏高。</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qaqqaq128/entry-12675803514.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 21 May 2021 12:19:55 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>西班牙裔和黑人死亡率的差异比以前报告的还要严重</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>﻿西班牙裔和黑人死亡率的差异比以前报告的还要严重</p><p>通过 杰奎琳·拉贝托马斯＆安娜RADELAT // CTMIRROR.ORG ? 2020年5月31日</p><p>分享</p><p>鸣叫</p><p>电子邮件</p><p>灵车带领Hazel Bailey的葬礼队伍前往她在布卢姆菲尔德的山景公墓的葬礼。 非裔美国人贝利（Bailey）于4月19日死于COVID-19，享年73岁。</p><p>灵车带领Hazel Bailey的葬礼队伍前往她在布卢姆菲尔德的山景公墓的葬礼。非洲裔美国人贝利（Bailey）于4月19日死于COVID-19，享年73岁。</p><p>克劳·泊松 （ PIONE POISSON）</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>数周以来，康涅狄格州的西班牙裔死于COVID-19的可能性仅为非西班牙裔白人的一半，现在，州官员说，这里的西班牙裔 死于该疾病的可能性要大得多 。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>州官员还报告说，该州的黑人死于冠状病毒的可能性仅比白人高26％，而事实上他们的死亡可能性是白人的2.5倍。据计算，西班牙裔美国人的死亡率比非西班牙裔白人高67％。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>为什么要改变？他们为什么弄错了？</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>卫生官员认识到，州长办公室发布的每日数据并不能真正反映出该疾病对疗养院以外人群的影响，在康涅狄格州，COVID-19的死亡中有60％发生在该处。耶鲁公共卫生流行病学家艾伯特·科（Albert Ko）是内德·拉蒙特州州长重新开放州顾问小组主席，他说，每日报道与黑人和西班牙裔人的住院率不相称，黑人和西班牙裔人的住院率是白人的两倍以上。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>西班牙裔美国人的平均年龄为29岁，白人为47岁，因此该州居民是该州最年轻的人口，因此，在其他养老院中，西班牙裔居民的人数较少。美国人口普查数据显示，仅约5.9％的疗养院和辅助生活设施居民为西班牙裔，略低于该州的7％。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>展望未来，国家计划发布根据年龄调整的种族和族裔死亡率。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“如果不调整年龄，可能会得出不同的结论。该结论可能是错误的。”公共卫生部国家顶级流行病学家马修·卡特（Matthew Cartter）说。“要回答这个问题，西班牙裔人或多或少会因此而丧生？您必须调整年龄，并且这样做时，您清楚地表明西班牙裔确实确实有较高的死亡率。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>公共卫生专家说，如果所有州都想准确了解谁受到该病毒的感染以及在何处集中精力，则应针对年龄进行调整。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>耶鲁大学医学院研究小组的负责人卡里·格罗斯（Cary Gross）博士研究死亡率。他说，只有少数州在调整年龄。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>他说：“我们很高兴CT刚开始这样做。” “我们对更多的州将效仿这一榜样感到乐观，并很高兴CT成为这里的领导人之一。现在我们有了数据，更重要的问题是CT正在采取什么措施来缓解这些差异？”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>耶鲁大学医学院，公共卫生与公平大学的研究人员说：“鉴于年龄与COVID相关的死亡风险之间的密切关系，以及黑人和拉丁裔人口的年龄分布较年轻，这些未经调整的数据可能会严重低估差距。”研究与创新中心&nbsp; 5月11日报道。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>专家列举了许多有色人种死亡率较高的原因。少数民族更容易患有糖尿病和哮喘等潜在的健康状况，他们的工作更有可能使他们面临感染病毒的风险，住房不稳定或经常生活在拥挤的生活条件中，并且往往得不到良好的医疗服务卫生保健。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>布里奇波特居民Diales Olivencia说，尽管所有这些因素都可能导致高死亡率，但也无法衡量。在他们签约COVID-19之前，她正在布里奇波特的家中照顾老年人和残疾人。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>她说，上周挣扎着呼吸，波多黎各人坚信自己会死。她的一位客户，也是波多黎各人，预计将无法生存。星期五他的肺停止工作，他被换上了呼吸机。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>她说，在与奥利文西亚（Olivencia）合作过的12名个人护理员中-几乎所有西班牙裔中-有10名患有COVID-19。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“这是我的信念：我们更经常暴露自己，因为我们关心患者和所做的事情。许多人不会像我们一样冒生命危险。像我一样，我爱我所做的事。我喜欢照顾病人，那时候，我不介意为病人冒生命危险。“我以为我要死了。太难了，因为我有两个女儿。对他们来说很难，因为他们以为我要死了。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>准确的数据对于提供护理至关重要</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>该州关于黑人和西班牙裔死亡率的每日头几个月的报告违背了健康公平专家的逻辑。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>UConn Health卫生差距研究所所长Wizdom Powell说：“这是难题：我们没有根据社会经济地位和其他人口统计学因素对数据进行分类，这使我们在数据中看到的很多东西都被掩盖了。” 。“这里面临的挑战是，它可能以过度的方式简化这些人群的工作，从而表明他们不需要专门用于该社区的测试或COVID-19恢复工作的资源–事实并非如此。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>该州的首席流行病学家卡特（Carter）同意，如果数据不能准确报告，将产生巨大的影响。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“作为流行病学家，我的工作是记录COVID-19的影响。我们的意图是将其包含在每周更新中，以便可以进行讨论，因为关于大流行的问题之一是，在大流行之后总是要进行长时间的讨论和决策，以及制定新法律。这是历史上每一次大流行的特征：每个人都试图弄清楚下次您需要做什么，”他说。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“有些人群的严重死亡和患病风险增加。其中包括美国的少数民族。显然，大流行并没有造成这些差距，但是它确实以我们以前所看到的方式揭示了这些差距，但基本上，这种差距在大流行期间变得更加明显。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>文化和经济差异</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>西班牙裔居民占康涅狄格州总人口的16.5％，但在任何一天中，他们仅占康涅狄格州疗养院中约25,000人的7％。非裔美国人约占疗养院人口的11％。康涅狄格州公共卫生部尚未公布因COVID-19死亡的近2,200名疗养院居民的种族和族裔分布，尽管该机构正在研究该数据。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>除了相对年轻的集体青年外，还有其他原因使拉丁美洲人在熟练的疗养院设施中所占的比例越来越少。他们比非西班牙裔白人富裕得多，也不太可能在昂贵的，以社区为基础的熟练护理和辅助生活设施中居住。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>但是另一个重要的原因是文化。西班牙裔人将老年亲戚安置在养老院的可能性要小得多。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“拉丁美洲人社区中的人们生活在几代人中间，”美国最大的西班牙裔拥护组织UnidosUS负责卫生的副总裁丽塔·卡伦（Rita Carreon）说。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>当谈到大流行的西班牙裔人口时，疾病控制与预防中心描绘出一幅冷酷的图画。CDC报告说，在全国范围内，感染COVID-19的人中有28％是西班牙裔，尽管他们仅占美国人口的18％。CDC数据还显示，所有因COVID-19住院的学龄儿童中有40％是西班牙裔。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>卡雷恩说，数据可能不完整，并没有显示大流行对该人群的全部影响。她说：“我们没有足够的信息。” “我们仍然处于黑暗中。对我们社区的真正影响仍然未知。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>康涅狄格州的差距如何比较？</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>耶鲁大学的研究人员报告说，尽管在调整了年龄之后，该州的种族和族裔死亡率差距明显，但康涅狄格州的差距仍然比其他27个发布种族和族裔数据的州的差距还要小。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>根据一份报告，在其他27个州中，使用“种族和族裔分层数据”，西班牙裔死于COVID-19的可能性增加88％，而康涅狄格州则为60％&nbsp; 。在这些州中，黑人居民的死亡几率是白人的3.5倍，而康涅狄格州是2.5倍。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>鲍威尔说，还有其他因素可以帮助解释为什么某些西班牙裔美国人的死亡率没有黑人高。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>康涅狄格州的西班牙裔人口大部分来自波多黎各，但从历史上看，从其他国家移民到这里的人越久，健康状况就会逐渐下降。鲍威尔说：“随着时间的流逝，某些事情在美国发生了，我们看到这种对西班牙裔和拉丁裔个人的保护性健康作用正在恶化。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>在数据中，某些西班牙裔居民也可能被错误地归类为白人。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>鲍威尔说：“西班牙裔或拉丁裔的人可以选择，也可以选择白人。”在我们国家的某些地区，人们甚至没有选择更具体的种族类别的选择，因此他们可能会选择白人。 。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>UnidosUS上周发布的一项民意调查显示，该国四分之一的拉丁美洲人知道有人感染了COVID-19。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Carreon断言，这种流行病给西班牙裔社区造成了重大伤害，其主要原因是，他们中有不成比例的人从事被认为是“重要”的工作，并在流行期间与公众保持了持续的互动。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>她引用统计数据表明，纽约市所有卫生前线工作人员中有70％是有色人种，而且随着各州开始重新开放，拉美裔人担心会变得更容易受到冠状病毒的侵害。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>她说：“我们开始看到更多的痛苦和死亡。”</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qaqqaq128/entry-12675802903.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 21 May 2021 12:16:05 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>少数族裔新冠病毒死亡率偏高 医界呼吁政府调查</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>﻿少数族裔新冠病毒死亡率偏高 医界呼吁政府调查</p><p>2020年4月23日 04:06</p><p>皮尔逊</p><p>2020年3月27日路易斯安那州新奥尔良通常热闹的旅游圣地波旁街空无一人</p><p>2020年3月27日路易斯安那州新奥尔良通常热闹的旅游圣地波旁街空无一人</p><p>分享</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>评论</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;打印</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>华盛顿 —&nbsp;</p><p>美国顶尖的医生组织正在敦促特朗普政府搜集数据，来说明死于新型冠状病毒的是哪些群体，到目前为止所收集的数据显示，非洲裔美国人死于新冠病毒的比率，惊人的高过因此疫而死的白人。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>VOA英语视频: 少数族裔新冠病毒死亡率偏高 医界呼吁政府调查</p><p>&nbsp;嵌入 分享</p><p>VOA英语视频: 少数族裔新冠病毒死亡率偏高 医界呼吁政府调查</p><p>&nbsp;嵌入 分享</p><p>代码已经复制到剪贴板。</p><p>&lt;iframe src="https://www.voachinese.com/embed/player/0/5386839.html?type=video" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="640" height="360" allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>宽度&nbsp;</p><p>640</p><p>&nbsp;px 高度&nbsp;</p><p>360</p><p>&nbsp;px</p><p>分享到脸书</p><p>分享到推特</p><p>网址已复制到剪贴板</p><p>https://www.voachinese.com/a/us-racial-minorities-death-rates-off-the-chart-from-covid-19-20200422/5386839.html</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>没有媒体可用资源</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>0:000:03:07</p><p>1:02</p><p>&nbsp;下载&nbsp;</p><p>有句俗话说，当美国白人感冒时，美国黑人会得肺炎，这句话用在新冠病毒上再真切也不过了。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>维吉尼亚大学医院重症观察室主任泰森·贝尔医生说：“有几个州发布的一些数据显示，非洲裔美国人去医院就医时，他们的住院率比较高，死亡率也比较高。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>在路易斯安那州，非洲裔美国人占该州人口的三分之一，占新冠死亡人数的百分之七十，其他的州也存在类似的差异。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>根据纽约市自己的数据，在纽约市，西语裔占人口的百分之二十九，因新冠病毒而死的比例却有百分之三十四。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>跟白人相比，非洲裔美国人、西语裔美国人和其它少数族裔通常收入低，他们许多人是必要的员工，而他们往往负担不起医疗费用。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>美国国家卫生研究院少数族裔健康专家埃利索·佩雷斯－马斯特医生说：“我们知道黑人更多人有高血压，更多人有心脏病，我们知道拉美裔和非洲裔美国人更多人有哮喘，更多人有严重哮喘。我们还知道，所有的少数族裔罹患糖尿病的比率都明显地比白人高，而且往往是白人人口的一倍。这是三个已确认的常见的危险因素。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>社交距离可以预防疾病，但对低收入人群来说不可能做到。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>美国国家卫生研究院少数族裔健康专家埃利索·佩雷斯-马斯特医生说：“如果一个有三个孩子的单亲母亲可能被感染了，你要怎么跟她说要她自我隔离？假设她在一家医院做护士助理，你告诉她，你可能感染了，你必须自我隔离。但，她无法隔离啊，她必须照顾孩子，在一个只有三个房间却住了八个人的家庭里，你无法自我隔离。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>为了打败病毒，你的身体必须够健康，才能对抗它。染上这个病就像挨了一拳。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>维吉尼亚大学医院重症观察室主任泰森·贝尔医生说：“如果你的身体不是处于最佳状态，那么这就意味着你不太可能承受这个打击，因此，如果你有糖尿病，这对你的免疫系统具有相当大的抑制作用，一旦你被感染，你就更可能有更坏的结果。如果你患有心脏病又感染，你的心脏必须加快，以输送更多的血液和养分。如果你有感染，如果你又无法做到那一点，那么后果将会更糟。”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>泰森·贝尔医生说，政治领导人物既然已经理解这个情况，就可以收集数据并更改策略。埃利索·佩雷斯－马斯特医生说，改革不会很快发生，他说，这些健康差距已经存在很长时间，活动家、从政者和少数族裔需要做好去跑马拉松，而不是短跑冲刺的准备。</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qaqqaq128/entry-12675606670.html</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 20 May 2021 11:49:06 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>DISINFO：美国可能正在佐治亚州开发生物武器</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>﻿DISINFO：美国可能正在佐治亚州开发生物武器</p><p>概括</p><p>美国正试图在其领土之外，包括在前苏联共和国，增加其“生物存在”。莫斯科获悉，华盛顿为佐治亚州提供了一个机会，可以扩大该国在美国拥有的名为卢格实验室的实验室的生物研究项目范围。美国可能正在研究引起危险疾病的材料。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>不安全</p><p>有关基于第比利斯的卢格实验室（Lugar Lab）的前克里姆林宫虚假信息叙事。理查德·卢格（Richard Lugar）公共卫生研究中心是美国国家疾病控制和公共卫生中心（NCDC）的设施，该中心于2013年8月投入运营。卢加尔中心是NCDC实验室网络中的顶级机构，可作为参考佐治亚州公共卫生系统实验室。这个实验室绝不会设计，重新设计或制造生物武器，尽管这在俄罗斯媒体中是一种说法。阅读有关Mygar Detector上的Lugar实验室的更多信息。</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qaqqaq128/entry-12675413681.html</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 19 May 2021 12:02:01 +0900</pubDate>
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