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<title>Sexual motivation can</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>Sexual motivation can be measured using a variety of different techniques. Selfreport measures, such as the Sexual Desire Inventory, are commonly used to detect levels of sexual motivation in humans. Selfreport techniques such as the bogus pipeline can be used to ensure individuals do not falsify their answers to represent socially desirable results. Sexual motivation can also be implicitly examined through frequency of sexual behaviour, including masturbation.Hormones and males appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual motivation in male primates, including humans. The elimination of testosterone in adulthood has been shown to reduce sexual motivation in both male humans and male primates. Male humans who had their testicular function suppressed with a GnRH anatagonist displayed decreases in sexual desire and masturbation two weeks following the procedure.[1] Research from male rhesus monkeys suggests testosterone functions to increase sexual motivation, thereby motivating males to compete for access to sexual partners. It is postulated that the motivating effects of testosterone in male rhesus monkeys promotes successful sexual competition and may be particularly important motivating tools for low ranking males.[1] It is important to note that elimination of testosterone in primates does not reduce the ability to copulate; rather, it reduces the motivation to copulate.It is also suggested that levels of testosterone in men are related to the type of relationship in which they are involved. Men involved in polyamorous relationships display higher levels of testosterone than men involved in either a single partner relationship or single men.[2] Perhaps males who have higher levels of testosterone are more sexually motivated, and thus seek out multiple sexual relationships. However, this is only one interpretation of the results, and more research needs to be conducted to determine the direct relationship between levels of testosterone and sexual motivation in males. levels in males have been shown to vary according to the ovulating state of females. Males who were exposed to scents of ovulating women recorded a higher testosterone level than males who were exposed to scents of nonovulating women.[3] Being exposed to female ovulating cues may increase testosterone, which in turn may increase males' motivation to engage in, and initiate, sexual behaviour. Ultimately, these higher levels of testosterone may increase the reproductive success of males exposed to female ovulation cues.Oxytocin and vasopressinThe hormones oxytocin and vasopressin may also help to regulate sexual motivation in males. Oxytocin is released at orgasm for human males, and promotes both emotional bonding and sexual pleasure.[4] Based on the pleasure model of sexual motivation, the increased sexual pleasure that occurs following oxytocin release may encourage motivation to engage in future sexual activities. Vasopressin is involved in the male arousal phase. Vasopressin levels have been shown to increase during erectile response in male sexual arousal, and decrease back to baseline following ejaculation.[5] The increase of vasopressin during erectile response may be directly associated with increased motivation to engage in sexual behaviour.[4]The relationship between hormones and female sexual motivation is not as well understood. typically regulate motivation to engage in sexual behaviour for female mammalian species. In particular, estrogens have been shown to correlate positively with increases in female sexual motivation, and progesterone has been associated with decreases in female sexual motivation.[6] The periovulatory period of the female menstrual cycle is often associated with increased female receptivity and sexual motivation.[6] During this stage in the cycle, estrogens are elevated in the female and progesterone levels are low. At this time, mating can result in female pregnancy.Females at different stages of their menstrual cycle have been shown to display differences in sexual attraction. Nonpiling using heterosexual females who are ovulating (high levels of estrogens) have a preference for the scent of males with low levels of fluctuating asymmetry.[7] Ovulating heterosexual females also display preferences toward masculine faces and report greater sexual attraction to males other than their current partner.[8] From an evolutionary perspective, increases in estrogens during fertile periods in females may direct sexual motivation toward males with preferential genes (the good genes hypothesis). Research suggests androgens, such as testosterone, are not sufficient by themselves to prompt sexual motivation in females. In particular, studies with rhesus macaques have observed testosterone was not significantly associated with variations in level of sexual motivation in females.[1] However, some research with nonhuman primates suggests a role for androgens in female sexual behaviour. Adrenalectomized female rhesus monkeys displayed diminished female sexual receptivity.[11] Later studies revealed this diminished sexual receptivity was specific to the elimination of androgens that can be converted to estrogen.[12]The relationship between testosterone and sexual motivation in human females is also quite complex. Polyamorous women have both higher levels of testosterone and score higher on measures of sexual desire than women who are single or women who are in singlepartner relationships.[2] One interpretation of these findings is the higher levels of testosterone in women are associated with greater sexual desire, and a greater motivation to engage in multiple sexual relationships.Oxytocin and vasopressinOxytocin and vasopressin are also implicated in female sexual motivation. Oxytocin is released at orgasm and is associated with both sexual pleasure and the formation of emotional bonds.[4] Emotional closeness may be an especially strong predictor of sexual motivation in females. Insufficient oxytocin release may conversely diminish sexual arousal and motivation in females. High levels of vasopressin may lead to decreases in sexual motivation for females.[4] A link between vasopressin release and aggression has been observed, which may impair female sexual arousal and sexual motivation by leading to feelings of neglect and hostility toward a sexual partner.[13]Hormonal and nonprimate speciesThe hormonal influences of sexual motivation are much more clearly understood for nonprimate females. Suppression of estrogen receptors in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in female rats has been observed to reduce female proceptivity and receptivity.[14] Proceptivity and receptivity in the female rat are indicators of sexual motivation, thus indicating a direct relationship between estrogen levels and sexual motivation. In addition, female rats receiving doses of estrogen and progesterone were more likely to exert effort at gaining sexual attention from a male rat.[15] The willingness of the female rats to access males was considered a direct measure of the females' levels of sexual motivation.An increase in vasopressin has been observed in female rats which have just given birth. Vasopressin is associated with aggressive and hostile behaviours, and is postulated to decrease sexual motivation in females. Vasopressin administered in the female rat brain has been observed to result in an immediate decrease in sexual motivation.[4]Little research has been conducted on the effect of hormones on sexual motivation in sexual minorities. One study observed the relationship between hormones and sexual motivation in lesbian and bisexual women.[16] Lesbian women who were at the peak of their fertile cycle (associated with heightened levels of estrogen) reported increased motivation for sexual contact with women. Bisexual women reported only a slight increase in samesex motivated sexual contact during peak estrogen levels. This study confirms the sexual motivating effects of estrogen on sexual minority women. <a title="cheap replica michael kors" href="http://www.cheapfakemichaelkors.com/" target="_blank">cheap replica michael kors</a> </p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qihong326/entry-12053993325.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2015 12:26:55 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>WASHINGTON WASHINGTON</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>WASHINGTON WASHINGTON (AP) A bipartisan group of lawmakers Tuesday unveiled legislation that would delay for about four years several changes to the federal government's flood insurance program that are threatening to sock thousands of people with unaffordable premium hikes.</p><p>The move comes as the government is beginning to implement a significant overhaul of the muchcriticized program. That overhaul passed last year with sweeping support.</p><p>Some of the most ardent supporters of delaying the premium increases are conservative Republicans from Southern states, where the new rules have sent some home values plummeting because of uncertainty over insurance rates and because subsidized rates can't be passed along to buyers. New flood maps threaten to saddle some homeowners who are paying a few hundred dollars a year now with annual premiums of more than $20,000.</p><p>"This is a real threat to the economic wellbeing of many communities," said Sen. Mary Landrieu, DLa. "There is no state that is exempt from this challenge."</p><p>Last year's legislation promises premium increases to 1.1 million homeowners who've received subsidized, belowrisk coverage and could sock even more homeowners whose homes met older building standards or were deemed at lower risk under previous flood maps. Under the old rules, they could retain their old rates since they followed the rules when they bought or built their home, but they will soon lose those "grandfathered" rates under the new law.</p><p>"They have followed the rules. They built to the right elevation when they built," said Sen. David Vitter, RLa. "And yet, through no fault of their own they are facing not just rate increases to make the system solvent, but literally in some cases unaffordable rate increases that could throw them out of their homes."</p><p>"It has dried up the real estate market," Sen. Bill Nelson, DFla.</p><p>The new legislation, unveiled Tuesday at a Capitol Hill news conference, would delay the new rates for people purchasing homes from someone who currently has a subsidized policy or people who face higher rates when flood maps are updated. People with second homes or whose property has repeatedly been flooded would still have to pay the higher rates, which are scheduled to rise by 25 percent a year until their premiums reflect the true risk of flooding.</p><p>Last year's law protected subsidies for people who receive them if their houses hadn't been recently flooded. The new legislation would allow them to transfer the subsidy when they sell their home, thereby propping up home values.</p><p>The changes are backed by the real estate industry but drew opposition from supporters of last year's law.</p><p>Supporters of last year's reforms note that delaying riskbased premium increases means that policyholders in lowrisk areas will have to pay higher premiums and that many of the benefits of the program go to higherincome homeowners. They note that a simple delay gives both wealthy and lowincome policyholders equal benefits.</p><p>Steve Ellis, vice president of Taxpayers for Common Sense, a Washingtonbased watchdog group, says the proposed changes would "gut the heart" of last year's bill because the delays would carry past its July 2017 expiration date. <a title="Wesley Woodyard Jersey" href="http://www.titansmalls.com/authentic_wesley_woodyard_tennessee_titans_jersey.html" target="_blank">Wesley Woodyard Jersey</a> </p><p>"It's a tidy way of basically saying 'We don't ever want to do any of those reforms," Ellis said.</p><p>Sponsors of the bill included Democratic Sens. Bob Menendez of New Jersey and Landrieu, as well as Republican Sens. Johnny Isakson of Georgia and John Hoeven of North Dakota. Rep. Maxine Waters, DCalif., who cowrote last year's legislation, is also on board.</p><p>It's unclear whether the drive to delay implementation of the law will succeed. Backers of the delay won an impressive, bipartisan 281146 House vote earlier this year on an amendment to a spending bill that would postpone some of the premium increases. But conservative groups are against the idea, and top House and Senate leaders have both been silent about it.</p><p>Sen. Rep. Bill Cassidy, RLa., said he's met with No. 2 House Republican Eric Cantor of Virginia and feels "maybe we can pull this together." Cassidy said Cantor "did not commit, but he's at least open to it, understanding that this is an issue affecting many middleclass families."</p><p>The flood insurance program has long offered belowcost rates for homeowners in flood zones and has racked up about $25 billion in red ink since its creation in 1968.</p><p>It has been criticized for repeatedly paying off homeowners whose houses get flooded every few years. The flood insurance program collects $3.5 billion in premiums each year, but the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which runs it, says $1.5 billion more is required from subsidized policyholders to put it on sound financial footing as required by last year's changes. <a title="Blidi Wreh-Wilson Titans Jersey" href="http://www.titansmalls.com/authentic_blidi_wrehwilson_tennessee_titans_jersey.html" target="_blank">Blidi Wreh-Wilson Titans Jersey</a> </p><p>The new legislation also requires FEMA to conduct an overdue study about the affordability of imposing riskbased rates on homeowners and directs the agency to propose ways to tackle affordability issues.</p><p>An International TragedyResearch by British government found that climate change may have contributed to a famine in East Africa that killed between 50,000 and 100,000 people in 2010 and 2011. Scientists have found the melting shifts the position of the Jet Stream, bringing cold Arctic air further south and increasing the odds of intense snow storms and extreme spring weather.</p><p>An Itch You Can't ScratchResearch indicates that increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide result in larger poison ivy plants. Even worse, climate change will mean that the plant's irritating oil will also get more potent.</p><p>Worsening AllergiesThe spring 2013 allergy season could be one of the worst ever, thanks to climate change. Experts say that increased precipitation, along with an early spring, lateending fall and higher levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide may bring more pollen from plants and increased mold and fungal growth.</p><p>Melting Blitz In South AmericaHigh in the Peruvian Andes, parts of the world's largest tropical ice sheet have melted at an unbelievable pace. Scientists found that significant portions of the Quelccaya Ice Cap that took over 1,600 years to form have melted in only 25 years.</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qihong326/entry-12053992553.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2015 12:24:44 +0900</pubDate>
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<title>The Secretary of State of Colorado</title>
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<![CDATA[ <p>The Secretary of State of Colorado is the secretary of state of the state of Colorado in the United States. The office is one of five elected constitutional offices in the state.</p><p>The current Secretary of State is . <a title="Vontae Davis Jersey" href="http://www.coltsmall.com/authentic_vontae_davis_indianapolis_colts_jersey.html" target="_blank">Vontae Davis Jersey</a> </p><p>Business Division: Files documents for certain business organizations and business names; files trade names for certain business entities; registers trademarks, and files financing statements and notices of security interests in agricultural products pursuant to the Uniform Commercial Code, federal tax liens; and other miscellaneous statutory liens; performs searches of those records; provides copies of filed documents; issues related certificates; and provides pertinent educational services.</p><p>Administration Division: Provides management and central support services for the Department of State such as budgeting, accounting, and human resources; monitors the use of the State Seal,[1] certifies the interest rate on appealed money judgments, files Acts passed by the General Assembly, and conveys information within the office to the public; plans and monitors legislation that affects the Department of State; responds to inquires from the press and public; licenses entities that circulate petitions; and registers lobbyists. <a title="Authentic Donte Moncrief Jersey" href="http://www.coltsmall.com/authentic_donte_moncrief_indianapolis_colts_jersey.html" target="_blank">Authentic Donte Moncrief Jersey</a> </p><p>Information Technology Division: Supports the information systems needs of the entire Secretary of State's office. Maintains the Departmental infrastructure consisting of multiple servers, personal computers, networking equipment, firewall, telephony, peripherals, and other information technology equipment to support the data and imaging needs of the Department. Also supports the Web presence of the Secretary of State.</p><p>Secretaries of State of ColoradoLewis Ledyard WeldSamuel Hitt ElbertFrank HallJohn W. JenkinsJohn Taffe.</p>
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<link>https://ameblo.jp/qihong326/entry-12053991909.html</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2015 12:21:29 +0900</pubDate>
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