sanhong326のブログ https://ameblo.jp/sanhong326/ ブログの説明を入力します。 ja After the Fall of France After the Fall of France and the Armistice of 1940, France was divided in two zones, one occupied by the Germans, and the "Free Zone", administered by the Vichy regime. The armistice stipulated that the French fleet would be largely disarmed and confined to its harbours, under French control. The Allies were concerned that the fleet, which included some of the most advanced warships of the time, might fall into enemy hands and so the British destroyed the French Fleet at MerselKebir on 3 July 1940 and at the Battle of Dakar on 23 September 1940.On 8 November 1942 the Allies invaded French North Africa (Operation Torch). General Dwight Eisenhower, with the support of Roosevelt and Churchill, made a secret agreement with Admiral Franois Darlan, commander of Vichy Naval forces, that Darlan would be given control of French North Africa if he joined the Allied side. When Adolf Hitler discovered this plan, he immediately triggered Case Anton, the occupation of Vichy France, and reinforced German forces in Africa.From 11 November 1942 negotiations took place between Germany and Vichy France. The settlement was that Toulon should remain a "stronghold" under Vichy control and defended against the Allies and "French enemies of the government of the Marechal". Groadmiral Raeder, commander of the Kriegsmarine, believed that French Navy officers would fulfill their armistice duty not to let the ships fall in the hands of any foreign nation, and managed to have the ear of Hitler. Raeder was led to believe that the German aim was to use antiBritish sentiment amongst the French sailors to have them side with the Italians, while Hitler was in fact preparing a forcible seizure of the fleet. Hitler's plan was to have German sailors capture the French ships and turn them over to Italy; German officers privy to this plan were critical of it, but their objections were ignored. Orders to implement the plan were given on 19 November.On the 11th, as German and Italian troops encircled Toulon, the Vichy Secretary of the Navy, Admiral Auphan, ordered Admiral Jean de Laborde and Admiral Andr Marquis to:Oppose, without spilling of blood, the entry of foreign troops in any of the establishments, airbases and buildings of the Navy;Similarly oppose entry of foreign troops aboard ships of the Fleet; find settlements by means of local negotiation; andIf the former proved impossible, to scuttle the ships.Initial orders were to scuttle the ships by capsizing them, but engineers, thinking of recovering the ships after the war, managed to have the orders changed to sinking on an even keel.On the 15th, Laborde met with Marshal Ptain and Auphan. In private, Auphan tried to persuade Laborde to set sail and join with the Allies; Laborde refused to obey anything short of a formal order of the government. Auphan resigned shortly after.Technical and tactical aspectOn the French side, as a token of goodwill towards the Germans, coastal defences were strengthened to safeguard Toulon from an attack from the sea by the Allies. These preparations included setups for scuttling the fleet, in case of a successful landing by the Allies. French forces were commanded by Admiral Jean de Laborde (chief of the "High sea fleet", composed of the 38 most modern and powerful warships) and Admiral Andr Marquis (prfet maritime, commanding a total of 135 ships, either in armistice custody or under repairs).Under armistice provisions, the French ships were supposed to have their fuel tanks almost empty; in fact, through falsification of reports and tampering with gauges, the crews had managed to store enough fuel to reach North Africa. One of the cruisers, Jean de Vienne, was in drydock, helpless. After the remnants of the French Army were required by the Germans to disband, French sailors had to man coastal defense artillery and antiaircraft guns themselves, which made it impossible to swiftly gather the crews and have the ships quickly underway.Crews were initially hostile to the Allied invasion but, out of the general antiGerman sentiment and as rumours about Darlan's defection circulated, this stance evolved towards backing of De Gaulle. The crews of Strasbourg, Colbert, Foch and Kersaint, notably, started chanting "Vive De Gaulle! Appareillage!" ("Long live De Gaulle! Set sail!"). In the afternoon of the 12th, Admiral Darlan further escalated the tension by calling for the fleet to defect and join the Allies. The population of Toulon was in the main favourable to the Allies; the soldiers and officers were hostile to the Italians, seen as "illegitimate victors" and duplicitous, and defiant of the Germans. The fate of the fleet, in particular, was seen to be doubtful. Between the 11th and the 26th, numerous arrests and expulsions took place. The French admirals, Laborde and Marquis, ordered their subordinates to take a pledge of allegiance to the regime (two of the senior officers, Humbertand and capitaine de vaisseau Pothuau, refused). Four combat groups including two armoured groups and a motorcycle battalion from 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich were entrusted with the mission. To prevent the French naval units scuttling themselves, Marinedetachment Gumprich was assigned to one of the groups.[2]On 19 November, was triggered by the Germans, with the objective of capturing Toulon and the French fleet, with an execution date of 27 November.German forces were to enter Toulon from the east, capturing Fort Lamalgue, headquarters of Admiral Marquis, and Mourillon arsenal; and from the west, capturing the main arsenal and the coastal defences. German naval forces were cruising off the harbour to engage any ships attempting to flee, and naval mines were laid.The combat groups entered Toulon at 04:00 on 27 November 1942 and made for the harbour, meeting only weak and sporadic resistance. At 04:30 the Germans entered Fort Lamalgue and arrested Marquis, but failed to prevent his chief of staff, ContreAmiral Robin, from calling the chief of the arsenal, ContreAdmiral Dornon. The attack came as a complete surprise to the Vichy officers, but Dornon transmitted the order to scuttle the fleet to Admiral Laborde aboard the flagship Strasbourg.Twenty minutes later, German troops entered the arsenal and started machinegunning the French submarines. Some of the submarines set sail to scuttle in deeper water. Casabianca left her moorings, sneaked out of the harbour and dived at 5:40am, escaping to Algiers.The German main force got lost in the arsenal and was behind schedule by one hour; when they reached the main gates of the base, the sentries pretended to need paperwork so as to delay the Germans without engaging in an open fight. At 5:25am, German tanks finally rolled through, and Strasbourg immediately transmitted the order "Scuttle! Scuttle! Scuttle!" by radio, visual signals and dispatch boat. French crews evacuated, and scuttling parties started preparing demolition charges and opening sea valves on the ships.At 6:45am fighting broke out around Strasbourg and Foch, killing a French officer and wounding five sailors. When naval guns started engaging the German tanks, the Germans attempted to negotiate; a German officer demanded that Laborde surrender his ship, to which the admiral answered that the ship was already sunk.As Strasbourg settled on the bottom, her captain ordered the ignition of the demolition charges, which destroyed the armament and vital machinery, as well as igniting her fuel stores. Strasbourg was a total loss. A few minutes later the cruiser Colbert exploded.The German party attempting to board the cruiser Algrie heard the explosions and tried to persuade her crew that scuttling was forbidden under the armistice provisions. However, the demolition charges were detonated, and the ship burned for twenty days.Meanwhile, the captain of the cruiser Marseillaise ordered his ship capsized and demolition charges set. German troops requested permission to come aboard; when this was denied, they did not attempt to board. The ship sank and exploded, burning for seven days.German troops forcibly boarded the cruiser Dupleix, put her crew out of the way, and closed her open sea valves. The ship's captain, capitaine de vaisseau Moreau, ordered the scuttling charges in the main turrets to be lit with shortened fuses and when they exploded and fires took hold, Moreau ordered the final evacuation. French and Germans alike fled the vessel. Explosions from the ship's torpedo stores destroyed the vessel, which burned for ten days. john paxson jersey

]]> https://ameblo.jp/sanhong326/entry-12053973634.html Fri, 24 Jul 2015 11:14:52 +0900 The scandal over abusive The scandal over abusive behavior by the nowfired men basketball coach at Rutgers University threatens the New Jersey school credit rating, already under review because of uncertainty over how much debt it will assume in a merger meant to pump up its national profile.

In a comment released on Friday, Moody Investors Service said that the firestorm surrounding a video showing verbal and physical abuse of players is a negative credit factor for Rutgers, rated Aa2 and on review for a downgrade.

The events questions about governance and management practices at the university, and strengthen the possibility of government investigations and possible legal actions, Moody said.

Rutgers fired men basketball head coach Mike Rice after ESPN broadcast a video showing him hurling basketballs at players heads and screaming obscenities and homophobic slurs at them.

The school is investigating how its officials handled the videos when they first came to them in November. At that time, school President Robert Barchi had subordinates view the tapes, and the school suspended and fined Rice instead of firing him. Authentic Ryan Succop Jersey

Athletic director Tim Pernetti resigned last week, and an assistant basketball coach and the university interim general counsel have also quit. universities, Moody said in the comment. college invite criticism and government regulation, the Wall Street credit rating agency added.

The events come at a sensitive time, as Rutgers is in the midst of assimilating two medical schools as a part of a reorganization of New Jersey public medical education system. Integration is supposed to take effect on July 1.

But the total amount of debt Rutgers will take on in relation to the move is still uncertain.

Moody said in November that it was reviewing the school credit rating for a possible downgrade, as it expects Rutgers to take on at least $450 million of debt in connection with the merger. Brian Schwenke Jersey

The university currently has about $1.2 billion of debt. It wants to borrow at least another $410 million bonds approved by voters in November in coming years for new construction projects, Moody said.

As it seeks to boost its national profile for research, Rutgers has also been pushing athletics programs. It was admitted to the Big Ten athletic conference in 2012, a move that will bring more exposure and increased athletic revenue.

]]> https://ameblo.jp/sanhong326/entry-12053972957.html Fri, 24 Jul 2015 11:12:40 +0900 The Doors star Robby Krieger The Doors star Robby Krieger is to join rockers Gov't Mule for a Halloween tribute to his former band. Derrick Rose Jersey

Allman Brothers star Warren Haynes' band stage a tribute show to other artists annually, and this year they've chosen to honour Krieger's group and the guitarist will join them onstage. Michael Jordan Authentic Jersey

Gov't Mule and Krieger will perform at the Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles on 30 October (13), and at the Fox Theater in Oakland the following night.

Krieger is also gearing up for another major Doors tribute show next year (14) he and former bandmate John Densmore are planning to pay tribute to keyboard player Ray Manzarek, who lost his battle with cancer earlier this year (13).

He recently told Ultimate Classic Rock, "It's going to be February 12th. February 12th is Ray's birthday, so that's what we're shooting for. We're talking with Live Nation, and we want to get some great guys to play. I want to get some great keyboard guys, some people that Ray looked up to Keith Jarrett maybe or Herbie Hancock some guys like that.

"Hopefully we'll be successful in getting something like that together, and that would be the first time that John and I would have played (together) for a long time."

]]> https://ameblo.jp/sanhong326/entry-12053972435.html Fri, 24 Jul 2015 11:06:30 +0900