Wednesday, March 5, 2014

1. Things 3 8 – Elegant Personal Task Management Tool
2. Things 3 8 – Elegant Personal Task Management System
3. Things 3 8 – Elegant Personal Task Management Skills
4. Things 3 8 – Elegant Personal Task Management Software

Managers are involved in complex organizational tasks including planning, organizing, budgeting, and controlling. Theorist Mary Parker Follet famously defined management as 'the art of getting things done through people'. 'Pay attention!' 'Just two more pages, then you can take a break.' Virtually all parents have tried pleading with their kids to get them to buckle down and focus on something. Kids have short attention spans, after all. But when do you know if your child's inattention is an issue that needs to be addressed? Having age-appropriate expectations about attention spans is a good place to. Write down how you can prevent these things from reoccurring or from becoming emergencies in the first place: These are your new Quadrant 2 activities. Free up time for Quadrant 2 activities. Look at all the things in Quadrant 4 and STOP DOING THEM! Look at all the things in Quadrant 3 and stop doing them too. Here are 6 of my favorite task management tips to help you stop procrastinating in your work and personal life. Think about which one of these ideas could be most helpful to you right now, in your current situation. 1) Manage and Organize Your Tasks on Paper. Prepare thoroughly if you want to get things done. List every step of the job in advance.

There’s Springpad. There’s Evernote. There’s Google Tasks and TeuxDeux. There’s a ton of personal task management software to choose from out there – perhaps hundreds, if not thousands – and depending on whom you’re asking, one is significantly better than the other. But “personal” being the operative word, one is inclined to ask, what does a personal task management software have to do with team-based tasks and enterprise-wide projects?

Task automation, working with teams and your personal task management tool

Automation is a tricky, if not sensitive, subject. Whenever automation is broached, many people think of robots displacing human beings, of jobs disappearing, of tax collections diminishing, of the economy collapsing. This belief, of course, isn’t unfounded, particularly when you think about Detroit and car manufacturing automation being a contributor to the city’s decline.

And yet without task automation, the chance of the modern-day worker having difficulty surviving one fine day at the office increases, where one fine day means having to juggle multiple tasks and assignments, needing to determine which is urgent from which is not based on the metrics the company utilizes, responding to requests from other project managers or departments, and perhaps worst of all, having to look at the monster that is your ever-growing to-do list.

Things 3 8 – Elegant Personal Task Management Tool

Overwhelm, as they say, can effectively kill motivation, and employee demotivation is the last thing a team leader wants to deal with when working with tight deadlines. This is where a team collaboration software that also functions as a personal task management tool can help save the day.

When working with teams, what team-based task management tools normally do is streamline the task execution process from start to finish. When a team member successfully completes an assigned task, the task management engine sends out an auto-notification to the next person in the task chain. When a task is about to go overdue, the auto-notification system kicks into gear again, ensuring that every task is done properly and on time.

Comindware Tracker and personal task management

While collaboration is the force behind Comindware Tracker, the software also functions as a personal task management tool. When tasks are assigned to you, they become your responsibility, and this is where things get personal.

When you login to Comindware Tracker, all of your tasks appear in your main dashboard, along with vital information such as due date, level of priority, task status, and others. This way, right at the start of the work day, you already have an idea which tasks to tackle first and, quite possibly, how your entire day will shape up.

Aside from those assigned to you, you can also create your own tasks, such as a list of things you’ve done for the day, week, month, or quarter so that when it’s time to create a report, you won’t have to look through various emails, files or reporting platforms, essentially saving you tons of time for other tasks – personal task management at its best.

Conclusion

Trust and accountability are essential for teamwork to really work. Every member comprising a team has something to contribute, but until personal responsibility is seriously internalized, successful team execution may still be far ahead. That being the case, a collaboration application that supports personal task management in a flexible and user-friendly way becomes a vital tool in your team’s task management arsenal.

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Strategic Management: It’s Characteristics, Formulation, Types and Other Details!

Strategic management has now become invincible. It involves creating organizations which generate value even in turbulent environment over a sustained period of time.

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To manage for the present and continue to change so that the firm continues to prosper, in a global, uncertain world, strategic management undertakes three steps of formulation, implementation and control of strategies. In this chapter we are concerned with the first aspect, i.e., Strategy Formulation.

Concept of Strategy:

Before pondering over the process of strategy formulation, we must first understand as to what the term strategy implies. The term strategy has been borrowed from military. Today the competition, a business faces, is similar to a war and every business wants to be one step up over its nearest rivals.

Strategy is a common theme of strategic decisions through which an organisation tries to relate itself with the environment which involves major resources commitment to develop certain advantages which help in achieving its vision and mission.

Characteristics of Strategy:

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1. Strategy is a systematic phenomenon:

Strategy involves a series of action plans, no way contradictory to each other because a common theme runs across them. It is not merely a good idea; it is making that idea happen too. Strategy is a unified, comprehensive and integrated plan of action.

2. By its nature, it is multidisciplinary:

Strategy involves marketing, finance, human resource and operations to formulate and implement strategy. Strategy takes a holistic view. It is multidisciplinary as a new strategy influences all the functional areas, i.e., marketing, financial, human resource, and operations.

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3. By its influence, it is multidimensional:

Strategy not only tells about vision and objectives, but also the way to achieve them. So, it implies that the organisation should possess the resources and competencies appropriate for implementation of strategy as well as strong performance culture, with clear accountability and incentives linked to performance.

4. By its structure, it is hierarchical:

On the top come corporate strategies, then come business unit strategies, and finally functional strategies. Corporate strategies are decided by the top management, Business Unit level strategies by the top people of individual strategic business units, and the functional strategies are decided by the functional heads.

Things 3 8 – Elegant Personal Task Management System

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5. By relationship, it is dynamic:

Strategy is to create a fit between the environment and the organisation’s actions. As environment itself is subject to fast change, the strategy too has to be dynamic to move in accordance to the environment.

Success of Microsoft appears to be very simple as far as software for personal computers are concerned, but Microsoft strategy required continuous decisions in a turbulent and dynamic environment to remain leader.

6. The purpose of strategy is to create competence (things firm does better than competitors), synergy (between different parts of the organisation and their activities) and value creation so as to attain vision and mission.

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An organisation can reach its destiny (vision) only if it can create value for the firm and its stakeholders (mission). Value creation involves economic value addition (profits for the company), customer value addition (Value customers perceive in relation to competitors), people value addition (Value gained from enabling employees to be most productive resource.) so as to fulfil the needs of all concerned.

7. Strategy requires searching for new sources of advantage:

To achieve sustainable long term competitive advantage the firm must invent new rules and new games to become unique and create wealth. Simply copying the leader means value is destroyed for all the firms. Thus to look different, strategy differentiation is a must.

9. Strategy is almost always the result of some type of collective decision-making process:

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The vision, mission, objectives, and corporate strategies are determined by top management. Business Unit strategies are decided by heads of business units and functional plans by functional heads. But the top management consent is a must. It is the senior management which resolves paradoxes between the conflicting objectives, existing functions and future activities, and the resources allocation.

Strategy and Tactics:

Often we find the two terms – strategy and tactics – being used simultaneously. However, the two terms are different as given in the Table 8.1.

Table 8.1: Distinction between Strategy and Tactics:

From the above- table it should not be concluded that they are exclusive from each other. In fact the two are mutually reinforcing. It is the strategy which provides the reason to initiate tactics. If the vision is to be industry leader, increases sales is part of this strategy, but to sell in bulk to achieve the vision, the discount given to a bulk buyer is tactic.

Concept of Strategy Formulation:

Strategy formulation refers to the process of choosing the most appropriate course of action for the realization of organizational goals and objectives and thereby achieving the organizational vision.

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The process of strategy formulation basically involves of the following five steps. Though these steps do not follow a rigid chronological order, however they are very rational and can be easily followed in this order.

a. Strategic Intent:

It provides Vision – what the organisation wants to become, Mission – what business the firm is in, Values – a common set of beliefs guiding the behaviour of organisational members, and Objectives — Qualitative goals.

b. Situational Analysis:

The three kinds of environments need to be scanned – External,(to know of Opportunities and Threats), Internal (to know of strengths and weaknesses), and Industry (to determine competitive scenario)

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c. Setting Long-term Quantitative Objectives or Goals:

The results expected from pursuing certain strategies. The objectives should be quantitative, understandable, challenging, hierarchical, obtainable, and in harmony among organisational units. The time horizon of objectives and strategies should be consistent.

d. Formulation of strategic Alternatives:

In its journey towards its destination the strategy formulation has to find and evaluate different strategic alternatives.

e. Selection of Strategy:

To create a fit between the environment and the strategic intent of the organisation, a suitable strategy has to be selected for implementation.

What Business Are We In?

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If someone asks any businessperson to define his business, almost everyone sill give a manufacturing definition. Ask anyone who is manufacturing readymade garments, about his business and his answer will be readymade garments manufacturing. Ask a railway company the reply will be in railway business. Normally, the way people define their business has been termed by a marketing scholar as marketing myopia.

Businesspersons must always view their business from customer’s view, not production. Always define your business on the basis of core need being fulfilled. A core need always remains in vogue and shall remain in vogue.

The way to satisfy that need may change, and business will opt the new methods. Indian cinema industry always thought they were in cinema business until 1980 when VCR created a revolution and the industry lost huge business. It then realized that they were in entertainment business. Always update yourself about customers’ needs and technology.

What businesses following are in? Idea is not a telephone company, it is in the business of connectivity; Tata Tea is not in fruit juice, tea, or water business, it is in hydration business; Colgate is not in tooth paste business, but in oral healthcare business; and a cinema hall is in the business of entertainment.

Types of Strategies:

In the last chapter we have already mentioned about corporate, strategic Business Unit strategies, and functional Strategies. Now we will see them into more specifics.

1. Corporate Strategies or Grand Strategies:

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There can be four types of strategies a corporate management pay pursue: Growth, Stability, Retrenchment, and Combination.

Growth strategy can be put to use by way of:

Concentration:

It means bringing in resources into one or more of a firm’s business keeping customer needs, customer functions, alternative technologies, singly or jointly so as to expand.

Integration:

Integration means joining activities related to the present activities of a firm. Integration not only widens the scope of business but also a subset of diversification strategies. Integration can be of following types:

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Horizontal Integration:

It means when a firm takes over the other firm operating at the same level of production or marketing. Recently ICICI Bank decided to acquire Bank of Rajasthan and Reckit Benkier of UK took over Paras of India.

Vertical Integration:

When a firm acquires control over another firm operating into the same value chain. It can be of two types, viz., Backward Integration – acquiring a firm engaged in raw materials (Tata steel buying a coal mine company in Indonesia); and Forward Integration — acquiring control over a firm/activity taking it nearer to the ultimate consumer (Reliance Industries, a petro refining company, also starting petrol pumps).

Diversification:

Adding a new customer function(s), customer group(s), or alternative technologies to an existing business is known as diversification. Diversification strategies can be of following types:

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Concentric diversification:

Adding new, but related products or services is known as concentric diversification. It can be market-related concentric diversification (using common channels); Technology-related (a bank also selling mutual fund policies-similar procedure); and Marketing and technology related concentric diversification (Amul, selling butter, curd, Shrikhand, and buttermilk along with milk). A retailer selling kids wear also starts selling lady wears is a case of related concentric diversification.

Conglomerate or unrelated diversification:

If a firm takes up business not related to the existing one neither in terms of customer groups, customer functions, nor alternative technologies, it is known as conglomerate diversification – Tata Sons is a conglomerate, as it is unrelated businesses, steel, power, chemicals, hospitality, education, publishing, beverages, etc.

Horizontal Diversification:

It means adding new products or services for present customers. Escort Fortis Hospital may offer bank, bookstore, coffee shop, restaurant, drug store in their compound for the visitors to the hospital.

Internationalization:

It means marketing product/service beyond national market.

Cooperation:

It means cooperation among competitors. It may take the form of Mergers and Acquisitions (like Tata Motors acquired Jaguar Land Rover facilities of UK); Joint Ventures (like Indian Oil company floated an oil marketing company in Sri Lanka in collaboration with a local company), and Strategic Alliances (the two cooperating firms remain independent but cooperate for synergy).

Digitalization:

It includes computerization, electronisation, and digitalization (conversion of analogue electrical signals into digital signals).

Stability Strategies:

When the firm wants to go for incremental improvement of its performance, it is known as stability strategy. Basic approach in the stability strategy is ‘maintain present course: steady as it goes.’ It can be No-change strategy (taking no decision is a decision too); Profit strategy (lying low and managing profit through cost cutting, price rise, etc.

In times of crisis and recession- as the JK Papers did during recent recession); Pause or proceed-with-caution strategy (when getting into non-core business, like Hindustan Unilever selling shoes).

Retrenchment Strategies:

It means substantially reducing the scope of business activities. It includes turnaround strategy (to bring back to health through internal and external restructuring); Divestment strategy (Sell-off or hive-off – to sell off a non-core business divisions; Spin-off -demerging the business activities; and Split-off – division of business into two separate ownership; Disinvestment – dilution of control through sale of equity -very recently Government of India has sold stake through FPO in Power Finance Corporation); and Liquidation Strategy (the last resort in retrenchment, Lehman Brothers of USA was finally liquidated ).

Combination Strategy:

All the strategies discussed above can be applied simultaneously, sequentially, or in a combination.

2. Business Level Strategies:

Business-level strategies are fundamentally concerned with the competition. In this regard Michael Porter has given three generic strategies, which can be converted into four.

To compete successfully the first generic strategy is Cost- leadership (Microsoft produces software for PCs at such a cost that no hardware manufacturer ever thinks of producing himself); second is Differentiation (Dell computers are sold online, whereas all other manufacturers use physical distribution); and finally it is Focus. Focus may rely on either cost leadership or differentiation, but its market size is very small, where large competitors do ignore them.

3. Functional Strategies:

These strategies may be Operations Strategy, Marketing Strategy, Finance Strategy, and Human Resource Strategy.

The SWOT Analysis:

No discussion on strategy formulation will be complete without a discussion of SWOT Analysis. It involves a systematic analysis of the internal strengths and weaknesses (financial, managerial, marketing, or technological) and of external opportunities and threats (like change in demand, law, or technologies.

It is an internal evaluation to be in fit with external world. Strengths refer to competencies, weaknesses refer to constraints, opportunities refer to favourable condition in the business environment of the firm, and threat means an unfavourable condition in the firm’s environment creating a risk.

Non-convertibility of currency Barriers to repatriation of profitsStrengthsWeaknessesExcess production capability (can be used for exports)

New sources of inexpensive raw materials & partsHigh prices of imports

Deficiency of bilingual employees

Poor knowledge of local culture, consumer behaviour, and educational system

SWOT analysis will be useful as under:

(a) To eliminate weaknesses those expose the firm to external threats.

(b) To highlight the strengths, which the company would try to exploit.

(c) To convert threat or weaknesses into an advantage.

(d) To expose present shortcomings in the company’s resources and skills.

(e) To match the strength to opportunity to exploit it.

Barriers to Strategy Formulation:

1. Lack of Information:

Lack of sufficient information for strategy formulation is the most common. The quality of financial analysis is generally very poor. Where future is unknown such an analysis is impossible. And in such situations strategic decisions rely mainly on judgment and intuition.

2. Too Much Data:

Sometimes strategy formulation may suffer due to too much data but not enough information. In this age of information explosion, too much of data is a big problem.

3. Confusion and Dilution:

It is true that we treat the CEO as the person responsible for formulating strategy. In actual practice, there are many managers who participate in policy formulation.

These managers have their own values. Many managers come and many managers go away from the task of formulation. Thus there is confusion as to who made the decision and at all if any decision has been made. Sometimes the chosen decision may be a compromising decision, lacking clarity or direction.

4. Old Mindset. Business runs in a cyclical mode:

There are periods of stability interrupted by periods of radical and revolutionary change. As times move, senior managers may be out of touch with the environment either because of becoming lazy or due to overconfidence.

5. Prior Bad Experience and Fire-Fighting:

If the managers had a previous bad experience with strategy, as the plans have been long, cumbersome, impractical, or inflexible or if presently it is so engrossed with the crisis management and fire-fighting that it has no time for strategy formulation any more.

6. Content with Current Success:

The firms currently doing nice currently feel no need of any more strategy formulation. To them it is merely waste of time and money.

7. Other Impediments:

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Poor reward structure, fear of failure, self interest (status achieved using old strategy), fear of unknown (to undertake new roles), different perceptions of a situation and distrust in management are the other barriers to strategy formulation.

Things 3 8 – Elegant Personal Task Management Software

• Strategic Planning Process: 4 Key Benefits | Management
• Process of Strategic Planning: 5 Stages | Management
• Nature and Scope of Corporate Strategy | Strategic Management
• Linear Programming: Meaning, Characteristics, Assumption and other Details

This app allows you to play videos in FLV format. It also supports MP4, 3GP, and AVI format. Ryan Pessoa's tips. Ryan Pessoa is a Manchester City Pro Esport Player and Red Bull Athlete. He focuses on Ultimate Team over on his YouTube channel. Don't sprint in tight areas 'Letting go of.

Overview

This document explains how to embed a YouTube player in your application and also defines the parameters that are available in the YouTube embedded player.

By appending parameters to the IFrame URL, you can customize the playback experience in your application. For example, you can automatically play videos using the autoplay parameter or cause a video to play repeatedly using the loop parameter. You can also use the enablejsapi parameter to enable the player to be controlled via the IFrame Player API.

This page currently defines all parameters supported in any YouTube embedded player. Each parameter definition identifies the players that support the corresponding parameter.

Note: Embedded players must have a viewport that is at least 200px by 200px. If the player displays controls, it must be large enough to fully display the controls without shrinking the viewport below the minimum size. We recommend 16:9 players be at least 480 pixels wide and 270 pixels tall.

Embed a YouTube player

You can use any of the following methods to embed a YouTube player in your application and specify player parameters. Note that the instructions below demonstrate how to embed a player that loads a single video. The following section explains how to configure your player to load a playlist or a user's uploaded videos.

Embed a player using an <iframe> tag

Define an <iframe> tag in your application in which the src URL specifies the content that the player will load as well as any other player parameters you want to set. The <iframe> tag's height and width parameters specify the dimensions of the player.

If you create the <iframe> element yourself (rather than using the IFrame Player API to create it), you can append player parameters directly to the end of the URL. The URL has the following format:

The <iframe> tag below would load a 640x360px player that would play the YouTube video M7lc1UVf-VE. Since the URL sets the autoplay parameter to 1, the video would play automatically once the player has loaded.

Embed a player using the IFrame Player API

Follow the IFrame Player API instructions to insert a video player in your web page or application after the Player API's JavaScript code has loaded. The second parameter in the constructor for the video player is an object that specifies player options. Within that object, the playerVars property identifies player parameters.

The HTML and JavaScript code below shows a simple example that inserts a YouTube player into the page element that has an id value of ytplayer. The onYouTubePlayerAPIReady() function specified here is called automatically when the IFrame Player API code has loaded. This code does not define any player parameters and also does not define other event handlers.

Select content to play

You can configure your embedded player to load a video, a playlist, or a user's uploaded videos.

The following list explains these options:

• Loading a video

  For an IFrame embed, the YouTube video ID for the video that you want to load is specified in the IFrame's src URL.

  If you are using the YouTube Data API (v3), you can programmatically construct these URLs by retrieving video IDs from search results, playlist item resources, video resources, or other resources. After obtaining a video ID, replace the VIDEO_ID text in the URLs above with that value to create the player URL.

• Loading a playlist

  Set the listType player parameter to playlist. In addition, set the list player parameter to the YouTube playlist ID that you want to load.

  Note that you need to prepend the playlist ID with the letters PL as shown in the following example:

  If you are using the YouTube Data API (v3), you can programmatically construct these URLs by retrieving playlist IDs from search results, channel resources, or activity resources. After obtaining a playlist ID, replace the PLAYLIST_ID text in the URL above with that value.

• Loading a user's uploaded videos

  Set the listType player parameter to user_uploads. In addition, set the list player parameter to the YouTube username whose uploaded videos you want to load.

Supported parameters

All of the following parameters are optional.

Revision history

October 15, 2020

The autoplay parameter definition has been updated to explain that if you enable Autoplay, playback will occur without any user interaction with the player; playback data collection and sharing will therefore occur upon page load.

October 13, 2020

Note: This is a deprecation announcement for the embedded player functionality that lets you configure the player to load search results. This announcement affects the player's list and listType parameters.

This change will become effective on or after 15 November 2020. After that time, setting the listType parameter value to search will generate a 4xx response code, such as 404 (Not Found) or 410 (Gone).

As an alternative, you can use the YouTube Data API's search.list method to retrieve search results and then load selected videos in the player.

In addition to the change described above, the showinfo parameter, which was deprecated in 2018, has been removed from this document.

August 23, 2018

Note: This is a deprecation announcement for the showinfo parameter. In addition, the behavior for the rel parameter is changing. Titles, channel information, and related videos are an important part of YouTube’s core user experience, and these changes help to make the YouTube viewing experience consistent across different platforms.

• The behavior for the rel parameter is changing on or after September 25, 2018. The effect of the change is that you will not be able to disable related videos. However, you will have the option of specifying that the related videos shown in the player should be from the same channel as the video that was just played.
  To be more specific:
  • Prior to the change, if the parameter's value is set to 0, then the player does not show related videos.
  • After the change, if the rel parameter is set to 0, the player will show related videos that are from the same channel as the video that was just played.
• The showinfo parameter, which indicates whether the player should display information like the video title and uploader before the video starts playing, is also being deprecated. Following the change, the channel avatar and video title will always display before playback begins, when playback is paused, and when playback ends. The avatar being displayed is new behavior that will be consistent across all embedded players.

These changes will become effective on or after September 25, 2018. After that time, the showinfo parameter will be ignored. The behavior following the changes is consistent with the current default behavior for embedded players with the exception of the channel avatar changes mentioned above.

August 16, 2018

The cc_lang_pref parameter can be used to specify the default language that the player will use to display captions. This parameter can be used in conjunction with the cc_load_policy parameter to automatically show captions in the specified language during playback.

September 15, 2017

The controls parameter's definition has been updated to remove references to the deprecated Flash (AS3) player. The value 2 has been deprecated as it was originally designed to provide a performance improvement for embeds that loaded a Flash player.

June 12, 2017

The new widget_referrer parameter helps to enable more accurate YouTube Analytics reporting when the YouTube player is embedded in a widget, and that widget is then embedded in a web page or application.

November 1, 2016

This document has been updated to remove references to the deprecated Flash (AS3) player as well as to parameters only supported by that player. The YouTube Flash player was deprecated in January 2015.

October 20, 2016

This update contains the following changes:

• The disablekb parameter definition has been corrected to note that the default value is 0, which means that keyboard controls are enabled. A value of 1 indicates that keyboard controls should be disabled.

  The list of keyboard controls that the player supports has also been updated to include the following:

  • [f]: Toggle full-screen display
  • [j]: Jump back 10 seconds in the current video
  • [k]: Play / Pause
  • [l]: Jump ahead 10 seconds in the current video
  • [m]: Mute or unmute the video
  • [0-9]: Jump to a point in the video. 0 jumps to the beginning of the video, 1 jumps to the time 10% into the video, 2 jumps to the point 20% into the video, and so forth.

  In addition, the effect of pressing the [arrow left] or [arrow right] keys has changed. These keys now jump 5 seconds back (arrow left) or ahead (arrow right) in the current video.

August 11, 2016

This update contains the following changes:

• The newly published YouTube API Services Terms of Service ('the Updated Terms'), discussed in detail on the YouTube Engineering and Developers Blog, provides a rich set of updates to the current Terms of Service. In addition to the Updated Terms, which will go into effect as of February 10, 2017, this update includes several supporting documents to help explain the policies that developers must follow.

  The full set of new documents is described in the revision history for the Updated Terms. In addition, future changes to the Updated Terms or to those supporting documents will also be explained in that revision history. You can subscribe to an RSS feed listing changes in that revision history from a link in that document.

December 18, 2015

European Union (EU) laws require that certain disclosures must be given to and consents obtained from end users in the EU. Therefore, for end users in the European Union, you must comply with the EU User Consent Policy. We have added a notice of this requirement in our YouTube API Terms of Service.

August 19, 2015

• The autohide parameter has been deprecated for the HTML5 player. In HTML5 players, the video progress bar and player controls display or hide automatically. That behavior corresponds to an autohide setting of 1.

• The theme parameter has been deprecated for the HTML5 player. HTML5 players now always use the dark theme.

March 9, 2015

• The document has been updated to reflect the fact that YouTube <object> embeds, the YouTube Flash Player API and the YouTube JavaScript Player API have all been deprecated as of January 27, 2015. A deprecation warning appears in several sections of this document to help point readers to the IFrame Player API as an alternative.

• The definition of the autohide parameter has been updated to clarify the meaning of the parameter's values. The default behavior (autohide=2) is that if the player has a 16:9 or 4:3 aspect ratio, the player's video progress bar and player controls display or hide automatically. Otherwise, those controls are visible throughout the video.

• The definition of the hl parameter has been updated to note that the parameter value could be an ISO 639-1 two-letter language code or a fully specified locale. For example, fr and fr-ca are both valid parameter values.

• The definition of the enablejsapi parameter has been reworded to clarify that the parameter enables a player to be controlled via API calls. The API could be either the IFrame Player API or the JavaScript Player API.

October 14, 2014

• The HTML5 player now supports the cc_load_policy, disablekb, end, fs, list, and listType parameters. The parameter descriptions have been updated accordingly.

July 18, 2014

• The new hl parameter can be used to set the player's interface language. The interface language is used for tooltips in the player and also affects the default caption track. The selected caption track may also depend on the availability of caption tracks and user's individual language preferences.

  The parameter's value is an ISO 639-1 two-letter language code, though other language input codes, such as IETF language tags (BCP 47) may also be handled properly.

• The definition of the playsinline parameter, which only affects HTML5 players on iOS, has been modified slightly. The definition now notes that setting the parameter value to 1 causes inline playback only for UIWebViews created with the allowsInlineMediaPlayback property set to TRUE.

January 28, 2014

• The playsinline parameter controls whether videos play inline or fullscreen in an HTML5 player on iOS. Setting the value to 1 causes inline playback.

• The Selecting content to play section has been updated to explain how to find YouTube video IDs and playlist IDs using the YouTube Data API (v3) rather than the older API version.

• The controls parameter's definition has been updated to reflect the fact that the parameter value only affects the time that the Flash player actually loads in IFrame embeds. In addition, for IFrame embeds, the parameter value also determines when the controls display in the player. If you set the parameter's value to 2, then the controls display and the Flash player loads after the user initiates the video playback.

May 10, 2013

This update contains the following changes:

• YouTube no longer identifies experimental API features and services. Instead, we now provide a list of YouTube APIs that are subject to the deprecation policy.

July 20, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

• The definition of the controls parameter has been updated to reflect support for a parameter value of 2 and to explain that, for AS3 players, the parameter value determines the time when the Flash player actually loads. If the controls parameter is set to 0 or 1, the Flash player loads immediately. If the parameter value is 2, the Flash player does not load until the video playback is initiated.

June 5, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

• The HTML5 player now supports the color, modestbranding, and rel parameters, and the definitions for these parameters have been updated accordingly.

• The definition of the showinfo parameter has been updated to explain how that if the player is loading a playlist, and you explicitly set the parameter value to 1, then, upon loading, the player will also display thumbnail images for the videos in the playlist. Note that this functionality is only supported for the AS3 player since that is the only player that can load a playlist.

May 4, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

• The showinfo parameter's definition has been updated to reflect the fact that the HTML5 player supports this parameter.

May 3, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

• The new end parameter specifies the time, measured in seconds from the start of the video, when the player should stop playing a video. Note that the time when playback is stopped is measured from the beginning of the video and not from the value of either the start player parameter or the startSeconds parameter, which is used in YouTube Player API functions for loading or queueing a video.

March 29, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

• The new Embedding a YouTube player section explains different ways to embed a YouTube player in your application. This section covers manual IFrame embeds, IFrame embeds that use the IFrame Player API, and AS3 and AS2 object embeds. This section incorporates information from the old Example usage section, which has been removed.

• The new Selecting content to play section explains how to configure the player to load a video, a playlist, search results for a specified query, or uploaded videos for a specified user.

• The new list and listType parameters let you specify the content that the player should load. You can specify a playlist, a search query, or a particular user's uploaded videos.

• The definitions of the fs and rel parameters have been updated to more clearly explain the default parameter values for the AS3 player.

• The border, color1, egm, hd, and showsearch parameters, which are all only supported for the deprecated AS2 Player API, have been moved to a new section named deprecated parameters only used in the AS2 Player API.

• The document no longer provides a way to filter the parameter list to only display parameters supported in either the AS3, AS2, or HTML5 player. Instead, each parameter definition has been updated to identify the players that support that parameter.

August 11, 2011

This update contains the following changes:

• The new theme and color parameters let you customize the appearance of the embedded player's player controls. See the YouTube API blog for more information.

June 8, 2011

This update contains the following changes:

• The new modestbranding parameter lets you use a YouTube player that does not show a YouTube logo. As of this release, the parameter was only supported for the AS3 embedded player and for IFrame embeds that loaded the AS3 player. As of June 5, 2012, the HTML5 player also supported this parameter.

February 14, 2011

This update contains the following changes:

• The documentation has been updated to note that the AS2 Player API has been deprecated. The deprecation of the AS2 Player API was actually announced on October 14, 2009.

February 3, 2011

This update contains the following changes:

• The documentation has been updated to identify parameters supported in the HTML5 (IFrame) embedded player.

• The document now displays all of the parameters supported in any of YouTube's embedded players (HTML5, AS3, AS2).

• The following parameters are supported in the AS2 player but have been deprecated for the newer AS3 and HTML5 players: border, color1, color2, egm, hd, and showsearch.

  In addition, the loop parameter has limited support in the AS3 player and in IFrame embeds, which could load either an AS3 or HTML player. Currently, the loop parameter only works in the AS3 player when used in conjunction with the playlist parameter. To loop a single video, set the loop parameter to 1 and set the playlist parameter value to the same video ID already specified in the Player API URL:
  

  Similarly, the controls and playlist parameters are supported in the AS3 and HTML5 players but are not and will not be supported in the AS2 player.

  As noted above, IFrame embeds can load either an AS3 or HTML5 player. Though some parameters are not supported in both players, an IFrame embed that loads the AS3 player will support all parameters that work with that player and ignore all other parameters. Similarly, an IFrame embed that loads the HTML5 player will support all parameters that work with that player while ignoring all other parameters.

• The parameter list has been updated to include the autohide parameter, which indicates whether the player's video controls will automatically hide after a video begins playing.

• The parameter list has been updated to include the controls parameter, which indicates whether the player's video controls will display at all. (Player controls do display by default.)

• The parameter list has been updated to include the playlist parameter, which specifies a comma-separated list of video IDs to play.

• The definition of the fs has been updated to note that the fullscreen option will not work if you load the YouTube player into another SWF.

• The example at the end of the document has been updated to use the embedded AS3 player instead of the embedded AS2 player. The parameters used in the example have also been updated to only include parameters that the AS3 player supports.

  In addition, the instructions for constructing the URLs that contain player parameters have been updated to reflect the URL formats used by the AS3 and AS2 embedded and chromeless players as well as by the HTML5 player.

Overview

This document explains how to embed a YouTube player in your application and also defines the parameters that are available in the YouTube embedded player.

By appending parameters to the IFrame URL, you can customize the playback experience in your application. For example, you can automatically play videos using the autoplay parameter or cause a video to play repeatedly using the loop parameter. You can also use the enablejsapi parameter to enable the player to be controlled via the IFrame Player API.

This page currently defines all parameters supported in any YouTube embedded player. Each parameter definition identifies the players that support the corresponding parameter.

Note: Embedded players must have a viewport that is at least 200px by 200px. If the player displays controls, it must be large enough to fully display the controls without shrinking the viewport below the minimum size. We recommend 16:9 players be at least 480 pixels wide and 270 pixels tall.

Embed a YouTube player

You can use any of the following methods to embed a YouTube player in your application and specify player parameters. Note that the instructions below demonstrate how to embed a player that loads a single video. The following section explains how to configure your player to load a playlist or a user's uploaded videos.

Embed a player using an <iframe> tag

Define an <iframe> tag in your application in which the src URL specifies the content that the player will load as well as any other player parameters you want to set. The <iframe> tag's height and width parameters specify the dimensions of the player.

If you create the <iframe> element yourself (rather than using the IFrame Player API to create it), you can append player parameters directly to the end of the URL. The URL has the following format:

The <iframe> tag below would load a 640x360px player that would play the YouTube video M7lc1UVf-VE. Since the URL sets the autoplay parameter to 1, the video would play automatically once the player has loaded.

Embed a player using the IFrame Player API

Follow the IFrame Player API instructions to insert a video player in your web page or application after the Player API's JavaScript code has loaded. The second parameter in the constructor for the video player is an object that specifies player options. Within that object, the playerVars property identifies player parameters.

The HTML and JavaScript code below shows a simple example that inserts a YouTube player into the page element that has an id value of ytplayer. The onYouTubePlayerAPIReady() function specified here is called automatically when the IFrame Player API code has loaded. This code does not define any player parameters and also does not define other event handlers.

Select content to play

You can configure your embedded player to load a video, a playlist, or a user's uploaded videos.

The following list explains these options:

• Loading a video

  For an IFrame embed, the YouTube video ID for the video that you want to load is specified in the IFrame's src URL.

  If you are using the YouTube Data API (v3), you can programmatically construct these URLs by retrieving video IDs from search results, playlist item resources, video resources, or other resources. After obtaining a video ID, replace the VIDEO_ID text in the URLs above with that value to create the player URL.

• Loading a playlist

  Set the listType player parameter to playlist. In addition, set the list player parameter to the YouTube playlist ID that you want to load.

  Note that you need to prepend the playlist ID with the letters PL as shown in the following example:

  If you are using the YouTube Data API (v3), you can programmatically construct these URLs by retrieving playlist IDs from search results, channel resources, or activity resources. After obtaining a playlist ID, replace the PLAYLIST_ID text in the URL above with that value.

• Loading a user's uploaded videos

  Set the listType player parameter to user_uploads. In addition, set the list player parameter to the YouTube username whose uploaded videos you want to load.

Supported parameters

All of the following parameters are optional.

Revision history

October 15, 2020

The autoplay parameter definition has been updated to explain that if you enable Autoplay, playback will occur without any user interaction with the player; playback data collection and sharing will therefore occur upon page load.

October 13, 2020

Note: This is a deprecation announcement for the embedded player functionality that lets you configure the player to load search results. This announcement affects the player's list and listType parameters.

This change will become effective on or after 15 November 2020. After that time, setting the listType parameter value to search will generate a 4xx response code, such as 404 (Not Found) or 410 (Gone).

August 23, 2018

• The behavior for the rel parameter is changing on or after September 25, 2018. The effect of the change is that you will not be able to disable related videos. However, you will have the option of specifying that the related videos shown in the player should be from the same channel as the video that was just played.
  To be more specific:
  • Prior to the change, if the parameter's value is set to 0, then the player does not show related videos.
  • After the change, if the rel parameter is set to 0, the player will show related videos that are from the same channel as the video that was just played.
• The showinfo parameter, which indicates whether the player should display information like the video title and uploader before the video starts playing, is also being deprecated. Following the change, the channel avatar and video title will always display before playback begins, when playback is paused, and when playback ends. The avatar being displayed is new behavior that will be consistent across all embedded players.

August 16, 2018

September 15, 2017

June 12, 2017

November 1, 2016

October 20, 2016

• • [f]: Toggle full-screen display
  • [j]: Jump back 10 seconds in the current video
  • [k]: Play / Pause
  • [l]: Jump ahead 10 seconds in the current video
  • [m]: Mute or unmute the video
  • [0-9]: Jump to a point in the video. 0 jumps to the beginning of the video, 1 jumps to the time 10% into the video, 2 jumps to the point 20% into the video, and so forth.

August 11, 2016

December 18, 2015

August 19, 2015

March 9, 2015

October 14, 2014

July 18, 2014

January 28, 2014

May 10, 2013

July 20, 2012

June 5, 2012

May 4, 2012

May 3, 2012

March 29, 2012

August 11, 2011

June 8, 2011

February 14, 2011

Player For Youtube Pro 1 2 Hp Model Cm8600ic A

February 3, 2011

Player For Youtube Pro 1 2 Hp

How to fix the problem of YouTube videos not playing on MacBook Pro?

• Latest browser version
• Updated Adobe Player
• A continuous high-speed internet connection

Player 1 Player 2 Shirts

Way 1: Fix your internet connection

1. Open the YouTube video
2. Click on the Settings gear icon at the bottom right corner of the video
3. Tap on the Quality and select your desired low-quality view like 360p to 480p

Way 2: Reinstall Adobe Player

Way 3: Disable Plugins in Safari or the browser you are using

1. Go to Safari > Preferences > Security.
2. Deselect Allow Plugins (Turns off all plug-ins for all websites)

Way 4: Update Safari to the latest version

Way 5: Repair Disk Permissions

• Choose Go > Utilities > Double-click Disk Utility
• Select the desired disk from the left pane for which you want to repair permissions.
• Click First Aid
• Click Repair Disk Permissions

Way 6: Enable JavaScript in Safari

• Go to Settings > Show Advanced Settings > Privacy section > Content Settings
• In JavaScript Section, select Allow sites to run JavaScript
• Click OK and refresh your Safari

In many cases, conductivity is linked directly to the total dissolved solids (T.D.S.). High quality deionized water has a conductivity of about 0.5 μS/cm at 25 °C, typical drinking water is in the range of 200 - 800 μS/cm, while sea water is about 50 mS/cm (or 50,000 μS/cm). Conductivity is traditionally determined by connecting the electrolyte in a Wheatstone bridge. FSS cable is available in 18 AWG, 4 conductor constructions. Watertight flexing outboard submersible cable. See specs or find other FSS constructions here.

1. Fs 2 9 5 Cm Equals
2. Fs 2 9 5 Cm Inches
3. Fs 2 9 5 Cm =

The femtosecond is a unit of measurement of time

One femtosecond (fs) is defined as a period of time equal to one quadrillionth, or one millionth of one billionth of a second (1/1 000 000 000 000 000) of a second.

• 1 fs = 0.001 ps
• 1 fs = 1.0×10^-6 ns
• 1 fs = 1.0×10^-9 µs
• 1 fs = 1.0×10^-12 ms
• 1 fs = 1.0×10^-15 s
• 1 fs = 1.66666666667×10^-17 min
• 1 fs = 2.77777777778×10^-19 h
• 1 fs = 1.15740740741×10^-20 d
• 1 fs = 1.653439153×10^-21 wk
• 1 fs = 3.802651874×10^-22 mo
• 1 fs = 3.16887646154×10^-23 y
• 1 fs = 3.16887646154×10^-24 decade
• 1 fs = 3.16887646154×10^-25 century
• 1 fs = 3.16887646154×10^-26 millennium

Foods, Nutrients and Calories

Chicken fillet, (broiled), sandwich, on whole wheat roll, with lettuce, tomato and spread contain(s) 204 calories per 100 grams or ≈3.527 ounces [ price ]

Foods high in Brassicasterol and foods low in Brassicasterol

Gravels, Substances and Oils

Substrate, Clay/Laterite weighs 1 019 kg/m³ (63.61409 lb/ft³) with specific gravity of 1.019 relative to pure water. Calculate how much of this gravel is required to attain a specific depth in a cylindrical, quarter cylindrical or in a rectangular shaped aquarium or pond [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price ]

Boron trichloride, gas [BCl₃] weighs 5.14 kg/m³ (0.00297 oz/in³) [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price | mole to volume and weight | density ]

Volume to weight, weight to volume and cost conversions for Refrigerant R-11, liquid (R11) with temperature in the range of -1.12°C (29.984°F) to 115.56°C (240.008°F)

Weights and Measurements

newton per square centimeter is a derived metric measurement unit of pressure applied by force of one newton on a surface of one square centimeter.

Volume is a basic characteristic of any three–dimensional geometrical object.

yd/h² to pc/h² conversion table, yd/h² to pc/h² unit converter or convert between all units of acceleration measurement.

Calculators

Liriodendron tulipifera L.

Yellow-Poplar

Magnoliaceae -- Magnolia family

Donald E. Beck

Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), also called tuliptree, tulip-poplar, white-poplar, and whitewood, is one of the most attractive and tallest of eastern hardwoods. It is fast growing and may reach 300 years of age on deep, rich, well-drained soils of forest coves and lower mountain slopes. The wood has high commercial value because of its versatility and as a substitute for increasingly scarce softwoods in furniture and framing construction. Yellow-poplar is also valued as a honey tree, a source of wildlife food, and a shade tree for large areas.

Habitat

Native Range

Yellow-poplar grows throughout the Eastern United States from southern New England, west through southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Louisiana, then east to north-central Florida (22). It is most abundant and reaches its largest size in the valley of the Ohio River and on the mountain slopes of North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia. The Appalachian Mountains and adjacent Piedmont running south from Pennsylvania to Georgia contained 75 percent of all yellow-poplar growing stock in 1974.

-The native range of yellow-poplar.

Climate

Because of its wide geographic distribution, yellow-poplar grows under a variety of climatic conditions. Low temperature extremes vary from severe winters in southern New England and upper New York with a mean January temperature of -7.2° C (19° F) to almost frost-free winters in central Florida with a mean January temperature of 16.1° C (61° F). Average July temperature varies from 20.6° C (69° F) in the northern part of the range to 27.2° C (81° F) in the southern. Rainfall in the range of yellow-poplar varies from 760 mm (30 in) to more than 2030 mm (80 in) in some areas of the southern Appalachians. Average number of frost-free days varies from 150 to more than 310 days within the north-to-south range of yellow-poplar.

Effects of temperature and moisture extremes are tempered somewhat by local topography. At the northern end of its range, yellow-poplar is usually found in valleys and stream bottoms at elevations below 300 m (1,000 ft). In the southern Appalachians, it may grow on a variety of sites, including stream bottoms, coves, and moist slopes up to an elevation of about 1370 m (4,500 ft). Toward the southern limit of the range, where high temperatures and soil moisture probably become limiting, the species usually is confined to moist, but well-drained, stream bottoms. Optimum development of yellow-poplar occurs where rainfall is well distributed over a long growing season.

Soils and Topography

Yellow-poplar thrives on many soil types with various physical properties, chemical composition, and parent material. Within the major portion of the range of yellow-poplar, these soils fall in soil orders Inceptisols and Ultisols. Exceptionally good growth has been observed on alluvial soils bordering streams, on loam soils of mountain coves, on talus slopes below cliffs and bluffs, and on well-watered, gravelly soils. In general, where yellow-poplar grows naturally and well, the soils are moderately moist, well drained, and loose textured; it rarely does well in very wet or very dry situations.

Studies in locations as varied as the Coastal Plain of New Jersey, the Central States, the Great Appalachian Valley, the Carolina and Virginia Piedmonts, the Cumberland Plateau, and the mountains of north Georgia have isolated soil features that measure effective rooting depth and moisture-supplying capacity as the most important determinants of growth (13, 18, 25, 30, 35). These variables have been expressed in quantitative terms such as relative content of sand, silt, and clay; depth of humus accumulation; organic matter content of different horizons of the soil profile; percent moisture retention; available water; and depth to impermeable layers.

The same studies also stressed that topographic features plus latitude and elevation, which partially determine the amount of incoming solar radiation and rate of evaporation or otherwise influence the moisture supplying capacity of soil, are important variables in assessing site suitability for yellow-poplar growth. The best growth usually occurs on north and east aspects, on lower slopes, in sheltered coves, and on gentle, concave slopes.

Low levels of soil nutrients-most frequently nitrogen-have occasionally been linked to slow rates of growth for yellow-poplar. Also, naturally occurring levels of phosphorous and potassium can limit growth. However, soil physical properties far overshadow chemical properties in determining distribution and growth of yellow-poplar.

Associated Forest Cover

Yellow-poplar is a major species in four forest cover types (Society of American Foresters) (14): yellow-poplar (Type 57), Yellow-Poplar-Eastern Hemlock (Type 58), Yellow-Poplar-White Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 59), and Sweetgum-Yellow-Poplar (Type 87). It is a minor species in 11 types: Eastern White Pine (Type 21), White Pine-Hemlock (Type 22), White Pine-Chestnut Oak (Type 51), White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 52), White Oak (Type 53), Northern Red Oak (Type 55), Beech-Sugar Maple (Type 60), Sassafras-Persimmon (Type 64),

Loblolly Pine (Type 81), Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82), and Swamp Chestnut Oak-Cherrybark Oak (Type 91).

On bottom lands and on the better drained soils of the Coastal Plain, yellow-poplar grows in mixture with the tupelos (Nyssa spp.), baldcypress (Taxodium distichum), oaks Quercus spp.), red maple (Acer rubrum), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). In the Piedmont, associated species include oaks, sweetgum, blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), red maple, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), Virginia pine (P virginiana), hickories (Carya spp.), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and redcedar (Juniperus virginiana).

At lower elevations in the Appalachian Mountains, yellow-poplar is found with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), white pine (Pinus strobus), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), hickories, white oak (Quercus alba), other oaks, black walnut (Juglans nigra), yellow pines, flowering dogwood, sourwood, sweet birch (Betula lenta), blackgum, basswood (Tilia americana), and Carolina silverbell (Halesia carolina). At higher elevations, associated species include northern red oak (Quercus rubra), white ash (Fraxinus americana), black cherry (Prunus serotina), cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata), yellow buckeye (Aesculus octandra), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). Trees associated with yellow-poplar in nonmountainous areas of the North and Midwest include white oak, black oak Quercus velutina), northern red oak, ash, beech, sugar maple, blackgum, dogwood, and hickories.

Pure stands of yellow-poplar occupy only a small percentage of the total land within the range of the species, but they are usually on productive sites that include some of the most valuable timber-producing forests in eastern North America. It has been repeatedly observed in the southern Appalachians that the percentage of yellow-poplar increases noticeably with increasing quality of the site. Where yellow-poplar grows in pure, or nearly pure, stands on medium and lower quality sites, it probably originated on abandoned old fields.

Life History

Reproduction and Early Growth

Flowering and Fruiting- Yellow-poplar has a singly occurring, perfect flower 4 to 5 cm wide (1.5 to 2 in), with six petals varying in color from a light yellowish green at the margin to a deep orange band at the center. Yellow-poplars usually produce their first flowers at 15 to 20 years of age and may continue production for 200 years (29,31). Flowering occurs from April to June depending on location and weather conditions. The flowering period for each tree varies from 2 to 6 weeks depending on the size and age of the tree and number of flowers per tree. Pollination must occur soon after the flowers open while the stigmas are light colored and succulent; brown stigmas are no longer receptive to pollen. Normally the receptive period is only 12 to 24 daylight hours. Insects are important pollinators; flies, beetles, honey bees, and bumble bees (in decreasing order of abundance) were observed on opened flowers. However, uncontrolled insect pollinations do not result in effective pollination of all stigmas, and a great deal of selfing occurs (7). Higher percentages of filled seed result from cross-pollination and crosses among widely separated trees (37). By controlled cross-pollination, as many as 90-percent filled seed per cone was obtained; the highest percentage for an open-pollinated tree was 35 percent. Cross-pollinated seedlings tended to be more vigorous than seedlings obtained from open pollination.

Seed Production and Dissemination- The conelike aggregate of many winged carpels ripens and matures from early August in the North to late October in the South. In the Piedmont of North Carolina, seedfall begins in mid-October and reaches its peak early in November. High seedfall occurs during dry periods with high temperatures, while periods of heavy rainfall result in low seed dissemination rates. Viable seed is disseminated from mid-October to mid-March; the percentage of viability, which ranges from 5 to 20 percent, is about equal throughout the period.

Yellow-poplar is a prolific seeder, and large crops are produced almost annually (29,31). In North Carolina, a 25-cm (10-in) tree produced 750 cones with 7,500 sound seeds, and a 51-cm (20-in) tree produced 3,250 cones with 29,000 sound seeds. A seedfall of 741,000 to 1,482,000/ha (300,000 to 600,000/acre) is not uncommon. Measurement of the 1966 seed crop in 19 southern Appalachian stands showed an average of 3.7 million seeds per hectare (1.5 million/acre). Seed size is highly variable, the number per kilogram ranging from 11,000 to 40,000 (5,000 to 18,000/lb). In general, southern seeds are larger than northern ones.

The individual, winged samaras may be scattered by the wind to distances equal to four or five times the height of a tree. In southern Indiana, a seedfall pattern was shown to be oval, with the center north of the seed tree. Prevailing south and southwest winds occasionally carried seeds more than 183 m (600 ft). Distribution of filled seeds occurred in satisfactory numbers-2,470 to 24,700/ha (1,000 to 10,000/acre)-as far as 60 rn (200 ft) from a good seed tree in the direction of the prevailing wind and 30 m (100 ft) in all other directions.

Yellow-poplar seeds retain their viability in the forest floor from 4 to 7 years (11). Large quantities of seeds in the forest floor are capable of producing seedlings when suitable environmental conditions exist. In West Virginia, a study in three 40-year-old stands with 101 to 470 yellow-poplar trees per hectare (41 to 190/acre) showed from 240,000 to 475,000 sound seeds per hectare (97,000 to 192,000/acre) in the forest floor (17). These seeds produced between 138,000 to 190,000 seedlings per hectare (56,000 to 77,000/acre) when transferred to an open area and kept well watered.

Seedling Development- Yellow-poplar seeds must overwinter under natural conditions, or be stratified under controlled conditions, to overcome dormancy. Under controlled conditions, stratification in moist sand within a temperature range of 0° to 10° C (32° to 50° F) for periods of 70 to 90 days resulted in satisfactory germination. However, seedling yield increases with increasing time of stratification. Germination is epigeal.

Germinating yellow-poplar seedlings need a suitable seedbed and adequate moisture to survive and become established. Seed germination and seedling development is better on mineral soils or well-decomposed organic matter than on a thick, undecomposed litter layer.

Scarification and fires, which put seeds in contact with mineral soil, increases the number of seedlings established significantly (10,33). Under normal conditions, however, the site disturbance caused by logging the mature stand is the only seedbed preparation needed to provide enough yellow-poplar seedlings for a new stand. In Indiana, I year after cutting, there were 9,900 yellow-poplar seedlings per hectare (4,000/acre) on a plot that was clearcut, and 12,000/ha (4,800/acre) on partially cut plots. In western North Carolina, more than 124,000 seedlings/ha (50,000/acre) followed both clearcuts and partial cuts that removed as little as one-third the basal area (26). On occasional sites, deep accumulations of litter may require some seedbed treatment, particularly on the drier sites dominated by oaks or beech, and both disking and burning have proven effective. These treatments have also been recommended for sites with few seeds in the forest floor, especially if the site is covered with dense herbaceous growth.

Yellow-poplar seedlings reach maximum or near-maximum photosynthetic efficiency at relatively low light intensities, as low as 3 to 10 percent of full sunlight (29,31). Growth was poor, however, under an overstory canopy where the amount of sunlight reaching the forest floor was limited to 1.33 percent; where herbaceous cover existed, it was only 0. 13 percent. Sufficient sunlight can be admitted by various cutting practices. Harvest cuts ranging from removal of 30 percent of basal area to complete clearcuts have resulted in establishment and growth of large numbers of seedlings. Clearcutting, seed-tree cutting, and shelterwood cutting have all been used successfully to regenerate yellow-poplar (26,28,38,45). However, when partial cuts such as shelterwood are used, height growth is severely limited by the overstory. Seedlings in clearcuts may be two to three times taller than seedlings under a shelterwood after the first 5 to 10 years.

The minimum size opening that can be used to regenerate yellow-poplar is fairly small (10). Numbers of seedlings per hectare vary little in openings of 0.12 to 12.36 ha (0.05 to 5 acres). Opening size, however, does affect growth significantly. Both diameter and height are retarded in openings smaller than 1.24 to 2.47 ha (0.5 to 1 acre).

Season of logging, though not of critical importance, does have some effect on establishment and growth of yellow-poplar seedlings (40). In West Virginia, Ohio, and Indiana, summer logging produced fewer seedlings than logging at other times of the year. Apparently, in summer-logged stands most of the seeds did not germinate until the following year, and these small seedlings were not as well able to compete with the rank vegetation that started the previous year. Nevertheless, cuttings in summer months usually have produced sufficient seedlings where a good seed source previously was present. If seed supply is expected to be scarce, logging in fall, winter, or early spring might be advisable.

After germination, several critical years follow. During this period sufficient soil moisture must be available, good drainage and protection against drying and frost heaving are necessary, and there must be no severe competition from nearby sprout growth. In a study in which various mulches were used to induce soil temperature variation, seedlings grew faster in warm soil than in cool soil. Soil temperatures as high as 36.1° C (97° F) had a beneficial effect on seedling growth. Yellow-poplar seedlings normally survive dormant-season flooding, but it was found that 1-year-old seedlings were usually killed by 4 days or more of flooding during the growing season (23). This vulnerability during the growing season explains why yellow-poplar does not grow on flood plains of rivers that flood periodically for several days at a time. After the first growing season, vegetative competition may become the most important factor affecting survival and growth. Reducing competition by cutting, burning, disking, or by using herbicides may be needed to assure success.

On favorable sites the success of regeneration can usually be determined by the size and vigor of the seedlings at the end of the third year. Height growth during the first year ranges from a few centimeters to more than 0.3 m (1 ft) on the best sites. With full light, rapid height growth begins the second year, and at the end of 5 years trees may be 3 to 5.5 in (10 to 18 ft) tall. During its seedling and sapling stages, yellow-poplar is capable of making extremely rapid growth. An 11-year-old natural seedling 15.2 m (50 ft) tall has been recorded.

The behavior and duration of height growth of yellow-poplar vary by latitude. In a Pennsylvania study, seedlings had a 95-day height-growth period beginning late in April and ending about August 1. A sharp peak in height growth was reached about June 1. In a northwestern Connecticut study, yellow-poplar had a 110-day height-growth period beginning in late April and ending in mid-August. Ninety percent of this growth took place in a 60-day period from May 20 to July 20, and a sharp peak in height growth was noted in the middle of June. In a study conducted in the lower Piedmont of North Carolina, yellow-poplar had a 160-day height-growth period beginning in early April and ending about the middle of September. Growth was fairly constant, and there was no peak in growth rate during the growing season.

Vegetative Reproduction- Yellow-poplar sprouts arise chiefly from preexisting dormant buds situated near the base of dead or dying stems, or near the soil line on stumps. Sprouts may occur as high as 30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 in) on high stumps, but more than 80 percent arise at or below the soil line (44). The percentage of stumps sprouting and the number of sprouts per stump decrease with increasing stump size. Stumps as large as 66 to 76 cm (26 to 30 in) sprouted 40 percent of the time, however, with an average of eight sprouts per stump. Yellow-poplar of the age and size harvested in second-growth stands sprouts prolifically.

Trees of sprout origin are more subject to butt rot than those of seedling origin (42). Nevertheless, a high percentage of stumps that sprout produce at least one stem that is well anchored, vigorous, and of desirable quality for crop-tree development (20). In this respect, position on stump is important to subsequent development. Sprouts arising from roots or from the stump below groundline usually lack a heartwood connection with the stump heartwood because the roots and below-ground portions of the stump do not normally contain heartwood. Sapwood tissues separating heartwood columns of stumps and sprouts may prevent heart rot fungi, which enters the stump heartwood, from spreading to the heartwood of the sprout.

The initial growth rate of yellow-poplar sprouts far exceeds that of young seedlings. In western North Carolina, the dominant sprout on each of 60 stumps on a good site grew an average of 1.4 m (4.7 ft) per year over the first 6 years (2). At age 24, these sprouts averaged 24.4 in (80 ft) in height and 24 cm (9.6 in) d.b.h. In West Virginia, the dominant stem of each sprout clump grew at the rate of 0.9 in (2.9 ft) per year for 11 years on a medium-quality site for yellow-poplar (44). The rapid, early growth rate begins to drop off rnarkedly somewhere between 20 and 30 years. At this time, seedlings of similar age may catch up and exceed sprouts in rate of height growth.

A number of investigators have attempted to root yellow-poplar cuttings, but most early attempts were not successful. In a more recent study, cuttings were rooted successfully after they were dipped in dolebutyric acid and a mist of water was sprayed over the propagation bed (6). It is not known, however, whether these rooted cuttings would have successfully survived outplanting. Yellow-poplar has been successfully rooted from stump sprouts of 7-year-old trees; soft-tissue cuttings placed in a mist bed began rooting in 4 weeks and successfully survived transplanting. A system of splitting seedlings longitudinally and then propagating the halves was also highly successful. However, splitting seedlings provides only one additional new plant from the ortet, while rooting stump sprouts provides several.

A technique for propagating yellow-poplar by making use of its epicormic branching ability has recently been described (24). Partial girdling into the outer one or two annual rings results in a profusion of epicormic sprouts that can then be rooted in the same way as stump sprouts. This method has the advantage of preserving the selected ortet for repeated use. Experience with this method, however, reveals that not every girdled tree will sprout well. Young trees and trees with low vigor are better sprouters than old trees and rapidly growing trees.

Sapling and Pole Stages to Maturity

Growth and Yield- The mature yellow-poplar has a striking appearance. In forest stands its trunk is very straight, tall, and clear of lateral branches for a considerable height. It is among the tallest of all Eastern United States broadleaf trees. On the best sites, old-growth trees may be nearly 61 in (200 ft) high and 2.4 to 3.7 in (8 to 12 ft) d.b.h., but more often they are from 30.5 to 45.7 in (100 to 150 ft) at maturity, with a straight trunk 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) in diameter. Age at natural death is usually about 200 to 250 years. However, some trees may live up to 300 years.

Height and d.b.h. expected of the 25 largest trees per acre in unthinned second-growth southern Appalachian stands are shown in table 1. These data represent an average dominant tree grown under fully stocked stand conditions. The largest trees would be 7.6 to 12.7 cm (3 to 5 in) larger than the average dominant at comparable ages. Table 2 shows selected empirical yields for natural stands (3,27). Mean annual increment in total cubic volume ranges from 5.2 to 11.6 m³/ha (75 to 165 ft³ /acre), depending on site, at culmination around 70 years of age.

Rooting Habit- Yellow-poplar has a rapidly growing and deeply penetrating juvenile taproot, as well as many strongly developed and wide-spreading lateral roots. It is considered to have a 'flexible' rooting habit, even in the juvenile stage.

Reaction to Competition- Although classed as intolerant of shade, yellow-poplar can overcome much competition because it produces numerous seedlings and sprouts, and grows very rapidly. On land of site index 23 m (75 ft) and higher in the southern Appalachians, yellow-poplar has faster height growth than any of its associates except white pine up to 50 years of age (29). If not overtopped, yellow-poplar takes and holds its place in the dominant crown canopy of the developing stand.

It is often a pioneer on abandoned old fields or clearcut land and may form essentially pure stands on very good sites. More often it regenerates as a mixed type with other species, and it commonly persists in old-growth stands as scattered individuals.

Yellow-poplar expresses dominance well and seldom, if ever, stagnates because of excessive stand density. It prunes very well in closed stands. Although it produces epicormic sprouts when the bole is exposed, this trait is less pronounced than in many other hardwood species. Because of these growth characteristics, yellow-poplar stands can develop and produce considerable quantities of large, high-quality products with no intermediate stand management.

In the seedling-sapling stage, dominant and codominant trees are little affected by thinning or cleaning (21,39). Intermediate or overtopped trees of good vigor respond to release in both diameter and height growth (46). Cultural treatment of seedling-sapling stands is seldom needed or justified, however, except to remove vines (12).

By the time stands reach pole size at 20 to 30 years of age, the peak rates of growth and mortality are past and the crown canopy is closed. Crown size on surviving trees is reduced and diameter growth is considerably slowed. Thinnings that salvage or prevent mortality, increase the growth of residual trees, shorten rotations, and increase the yield of high-value timber products are the essence of intermediate stand management. The net result of numerous thinning experiments is that individual yellow-poplar trees tend to use the space and accelerate diameter increment (4,5,9,29). Response occurs across a wide range of sites and stand ages, even in stands as old as 80 years that have never been thinned previously. Total cubic-volume growth is greatest at the highest densities and would be maximized by very light, frequent thinnings that prevent or salvage mortality. On the other hand, board-foot volume growth is maximum at densities well below those that maximize cubic-foot volume growth. Board-foot growth is near maximum over a wide range of density. Thus, there is considerable leeway to manipulate stocking levels to achieve diameter growth and quality goals without sacrificing volume growth of the high-value products.

Damaging Agents- Yellow-poplar is unusually free from damage by pests compared with many other commercially important species. While more than 30 species of insects attack yellow-poplar, only 4 species are considered to have significant economic impact (8). The tuliptree scale (Toumeyella liriodendri) causes loss of vigor by removing large quantities of phloem sap. Scale attacks often kill leaders of seedlings and saplings causing them to be overtopped by competitors. The yellow-poplar weevil (Odontopus calceatus) feeds on buds and foliage and may occur in outbreaks over large areas. The rootcollar borer (Euzophera ostricolorella) attacks the phloem tissue at the base of the tree and provides entry points for rots and other pathogens. Attacks by the Columbian timber beetle (Corthylus columbianus) do not kill the tree but may degrade the wood. The defect consists of black-stained burrows and discolored wood called 'calico poplar.'

Fire scars, logging damage, animal and bird damage, top breakage, dying limbs, and decaying parent stumps all provide entry for decay-causing fungi (16). Probably the most common type of decay associated with basal wounding and decaying stumps is a soft, spongy, white or gray rot caused by the fungus Armillaria mellea. A white heartwood rot caused by Collybia velutipes often is associated with top breakage and dying limbs. Species of the genus Nectria have been associated with stem cankers. Incidence of this disease and mortality from it was greatest on low-vigor trees.

A canker caused by Fusarium solani was isolated from large yellow-poplars in Ohio and was shown to cause characteristic cankers through pathogenicity studies. Some mortality results during periods of drought, but F solani apparently is not a virulent pathogen and causes damage only when the host is weakened by unfavorable environmental factors.

Dieback and associated stem canker of yellow-poplar saplings were reported to have resulted in considerable mortality in some stands. A fungus of the genus Myxosporium was associated with dead bark of infected trees and was shown to cause canker formation after experimental inoculations. Identical dieback symptoms were reported for scattered areas throughout the South. Symptoms included chlorosis of leaves, sparse crown, dieback, trunk and branch cankers, and epicormic sprouting. Several fungal species were consistently isolated from cankered trees, but there was uncertainty about the causative agent. The severity and extent of infection are greater in upland sites than in bottom-land sites. All canker-forming diseases reported for yellow-poplar appear to be confined to, or most severe on, trees that are low in vigor because of drought, poor site, or competition.

A nursery root-rot disease caused by Cylindrocladium scoparium causes root and stem lesions. It is frequently lethal in nursery beds and causes low survival and poor growth when infected seedlings are outplanted. Extensive root damage and mortality in a 27-year-old yellow-poplar plantation have been reported.

Yellow-poplar logs, especially when cut in warmer seasons, are subject to rapid deterioration because of attacks of wood-staining fungi that feed largely on the starch and sugars in the green sapwood and penetrate deeply while the wood is moist. The most common rapid-staining species is Ceratocystis pluriannulata.

Yellow-poplar seedlings and saplings have thin bark and are extremely susceptible to fire damage.

Special Uses

Genetics

Population Differences

Races

Fs 2 9 5 Cm Equals

Fs 2 9 5 Cm Inches

Literature Cited

1. Beck, Donald E. 1962. Yellow-poplar site index curves. USDA Forest Service, Research Note 180. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 2 p.
2. Beck, Donald E. 1977. Growth and development of thinned versus unthinned yellow-poplar sprout clumps. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper SE-173. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 11 p.
3. Beck, Donald E., and Lino Della-Bianca. 1970. Yield of unthinned yellow-poplar. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper SE-58. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 20 p.
4. Beck, Donald E., and Lino Della-Bianca. 1972. Growth and yield of thinned yellow-poplar. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper SE-101. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 20 p.
5. Beck, Donald E., and Lino Della-Bianca. 1975. Board-foot and diameter growth of yellow-poplar after thinning. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper SE-123. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 20 p.
6. Belanger, Roger P. 1976. Grafting produces rootable cuttings from mature yellow-poplar trees. Plant Propagator22(3):12-14.
7. Boyce, Stephen G., and Margaret Kaeiser. 1961. Why yellow-poplar seeds have low viability. USDA Forest Service, Technical Paper 186. Central States Forest Experiment Station, Columbus, OH. 16 p. [Can be obtained from NorthCentral Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN]
8. Burns, Denver P. 1970. Insect enemies of yellow-poplar. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NE-159. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 15 p.
9. Carvell, Kenneth L. 1964. Improvement cuttings in immature hardwood stands yield income while increasing future sawtimber values. West Virginia University Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 492. Morgantown. 17 p.
10. Clark, F. Bryan. 1970. Measures necessary for natural regeneration of oaks, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, and black walnut. In The silviculture of oaks and associated species. p. 1-16. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NE-144. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA.
11. Clark, F. Bryan, and Stephen G. Boyce. 1964. Yellow-poplar seed remains viable in the forest litter. Journal of Forestry 62:564-567.
12. Della-Bianca, Lino. 1971. Frothingham's hardwood cleaning at Looking-Glass Rock: 43 years later. Journal of Forestry 62:100-102.
13. Della-Bianca, Lino, and David F. Olson, Jr. 1961. Soil-site studies in Piedmont hardwood and pine-hardwood upland forests. Forest Science 7:320-329.
14. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.
15. Farmer, R. E., Jr., T. E. Russell, and R. M. Krinard. 1967. Sixth-year results from a yellow-poplar provenance test. In Proceedings, Ninth Southern Conference on Forest Tree Improvement. [Knoxville, TN.] p. 65-68. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.
16. Hepting, George H. 1971. Diseases of forest and shade trees of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 386. Washington, DC. 658 p.
17. Herr, David S., and Kenneth L. Carvell. 1975. Studies on the quantity of yellow-poplar seed stored in the litter. West Virginia University, West Virginia Forest Notes 4. p. 3-6. Morgantown.
18. Ike, Albert F., Jr., and C. D. Huppuch. 1968. Predicting tree height growth from soil and topographic site factors in the Georgia Blue Ridge Mountains. Georgia Forest Resources Council, Research Paper 54. Macon. 11 p.
19. Kellison, Robert Clay. 1967. A geographic variation study of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) within North Carolina. North Carolina State University School of Forestry, Technical Report 33. Raleigh. 41 p.
20. Lamson, Neil 1. 1976. Appalachian hardwood stump sprouts are potential sawlog crop trees. USDA Forest Service, Research Note NE-229. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 4 p.
21. Lamson, Neil I., and H. Clay Smith. 1978. Response to crop tree release: sugar maple, red oak, black cherry, and yellow-poplar saplings in a 9-year-old stand. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NE-394. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 8 p.
22. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.
23. McAlpine, Robert G. 1961. Yellow-poplar seedlings intolerant to flooding. Journal of Forestry 59:566-568.
24. McAlpine, Robert G., and Paul P. Kormanik. 1972. Rooting yellow-poplar cuttings from girdled trees. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SE-180. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 4 p.
25. McCarthy, E. F. 1933. Yellow-poplar characteristics, growth, and management. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 356. Washington, DC. 58 p.
26. McGee, Charles E. 1975. Regeneration alternatives in mixed oak stands. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper SE-125. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 8 p.
27. McGee, Charles E., and Lino Della-Bianca. 1967. Diameter distributions in natural yellow-poplar stands. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper SE-25. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 7 p.
28. McGee, Charles E., and Ralph M. Hooper. 1975. Regeneration trends 10 years after clearcutting of an Appalachian hardwood stand. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SE-227. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 3 p.
29. Olson, David F., Jr. 1969. Silvical characteristics of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.). USDA Forest Service, Research Paper SE-48. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 16 p.
30. Phillips, J. J. 1966. Site index of yellow-poplar related to soil and topography in southern New Jersey. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NE-52. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 10 p.
31. Renshaw, James F., and Warren T. Doolittle. 1958. Silvical characteristics of yellow-poplar. USDA Forest Service, Station Paper 89. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station,Asheville, NC. 18 p.
32. Schultz, Richard C., and Paul -P. Kormanik. 1975. Response of a yellow-poplar swamp ecotype to soil moisture. In Proceedings, Thirteenth Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory and USDA Forest Service, Macon, GA. p. 219-225. 33.
33. Shearin, A. T., Marlin H. Bruner, and N. B. Goebel. 1972. Prescribed burning stimulates natural regeneration of yellow-poplar. Journal of Forestry 70:482-484.
34. Sluder, Earl R. 1972. Variation in specific gravity of yellow-poplar in the southern Appalachians. Wood Science 5:132-138.
35. Smalley, Glendon W. 1964. Topography, soil, and the height of planted yellow-poplar. Journal of Alabama Academy of Science 35:39-44.
36. Smith, H. Clay, and N. I. Lamson. 1975. Grapevines in 12 to 15-year-old even-aged central Appalachian hardwood stands. In Proceedings, Third Annual Hardwood Symposium and Hardwood Research Council, Cashiers, NC. p. 145-150.
37. Taft, Kingsley A., Jr. 1966. Cross- and self-incompatibility and natural selfing in yellow-poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera L. In Proceedings, Sixth World Forestry Congress, June 6-18, 1966, Madrid, Spain. p. 1425-1428.
38. Trimble, G. R., Jr. 1973. The regeneration of central Appalachian hardwoods, with emphasis on the effects of site quality and harvesting practice. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NE-282. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 14 p.
39. Trimble, G. R., Jr. 1973. Response to crop-tree release by 7-year-old stems of yellow-poplar and black cherry. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NE-253. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 10 p.
40. Trimble, G. R., Jr., and E. H. Tryon. 1969. Survival and growth of yellow-poplar seedlings depend on date of germination. USDA Forest Service, Research Note NE-101. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 6 p.
41. Trimble, G. R., Jr., and E. H. Tryon. 1974. Grapevines a serious obstacle to timber production on good hardwood sites in Appalachia. Northern Logger and Timber Processor 23(5):22-23, 44.
42. True, R. P., and E. H. Tryon. 1966. Butt decay in yellow-poplar sprouts in West Virginia. West Virginia University Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 541T. Morgantown. 67 p.
43. Vaartaja, 0. 1961. Demonstration of photoperiodic ecotypes in Liriodendron and Quercus. Canadian Journal of Botany 39:649-654.
44. Wendel, G. W. 1975. Stump sprout growth and quality of several Appalachian hardwood species after clearcutting. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NE-329.Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 9 p.
45. Whipple, Sherman D. 1968. Yellow-poplar regeneration after seed tree cutting and site preparation. Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 384. Auburn, AL. 15 p.
46. Williams, Robert D. 1976. Release accelerates growth of yellow-poplar: an 18-year look. USDA Forest Service, Research Note NC-202. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 4 p.

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1. Paperless 3 0 2 – Digital Documents Manager Job Duties
2. Paperless 3 0 2 – Digital Documents Manager Job Openings
3. Paperless 3 0 2 – Digital Documents Manager Job Description
4. Paperless 3 0 2 – Digital Documents Manager Jobs

The paperless office is the first step toward digital transformation in your organization. It refers to the deliberate removal of paper from processes, with the goal of improving efficiency. Digitization is at the core of the paperless office. A paperless office (or paper-free office) is a work environment in which the use of paper is eliminated or greatly reduced.This is done by converting documents and other papers into digital form, a process known as digitization.Proponents claim that 'going paperless' can save money, boost productivity, save space, make documentation and information sharing easier, keep personal information.

Store and manage documents electronically with DAISY’s Document Manager

In a digital world, having all your dental practice’s documents organized electronically can dramatically improve efficiency and make your employees’ jobs easier. DAISY’s document management feature lets your office staff store and manage electronic copies of documents associated with your dental practice — safely and securely.

The digitally signed document is ready for distribution. Verifying the Signature. When you open the document in a digital signature-capable program (e.g., Adobe Reader, Microsoft Office), the program automatically uses the signer's public key (which was included in the digital signature with the document) to decrypt the document hash. Simple Paperless Office Document System The goal is an easy to use web based interface that can be used to upload scanned documents to a secure web server for easy indexing and retrieval. Ideally it will scale from a single system used for both server and client to 5 or 10 clients and 1 server.

With DAISY’s paperless document management feature, documents can be attached to patients, providers, accounts or your dental practice in any of the following ways:

• Import a file into DAISY
• Scan a printed document
• Archive a DAISY report
• Archive a mail merge

Become a paperless practice

Enjoy the benefits of a paperless practice — free up physical storage space and spend less money on office supplies. DAISY’s paperless document management helps you significantly decrease the costs associated with filing and storing paper documents.

Improve office efficiency

Your staff can access documents from any computer running DAISY, and multiple people can review the same document, even if they are in different offices or cities, Plus, a tidy office and efficient staff make your practice more attractive to patients.

Manage and store documents in a variety of file formats

Import and save files as a wide range of file types:

• Documents, including PDF or Word files
• Email messages saved as a file
• Images, including JPG, PNG or TIF formats
• Spreadsheets
• PowerPoint presentations
• Audio files, such as WAV or MP3
• HTML files

It’s easy to scan documents — including X-rays and photos, registration forms, correspondence, etc. — directly into the DAISY archive, using your TWAIN-compliant office scanner. And any files stored in DAISY’s Document Manager cannot be altered ensuring your records remain accurate.

Enjoy a convenient, safe document management archive

Easily archive a copy of any DAISY report, a signed treatment plan, daily or monthly closing reports or other files. Everything in the archive is automatically backed up and can be backed up externally in multiple locations along with your DAISY database with DMC’s Redundant Backup Solution.

Keep patient and business data confidential

Ensure that confidential patient information remains protected and is reviewed appropriately. Your practice can capture and use digital signatures to verify the integrity of documents. Digitally signed treatment plans help protect your practice in the case of patient disputes, reducing you liability.

Paperless document management takes advantage of DAISY’s advanced security controls which allow you to restrict access to certain files so only authorized staff can see protected documents here.

Discover all the ways DAISY dental software can take your dental practice to the next level. Request a free demonstration today.

.

As we move into the electronic era of digital objects it is important to know that there are new barbarians at the gate and that we are moving into an era where much of what we know today, much of what is coded and written electronically, will be lost forever. We are, to my mind, living in the midst of digital Dark Ages; consequently, much as monks of times past, it falls to librarians and archivists to hold to the tradition which reveres history and the published heritage of our times. - Terry Kuny, XIST/Consultant, National Library of Canada [Kuny 1998]

1.0 Introduction

The rapid growth in the creation and dissemination of digital objects by authors, publishers, corporations, governments, and even librarians, archivists and museum curators, has emphasized the speed and ease of short-term dissemination with little regard for the long-term preservation of digital information. However, digital information is fragile in ways that differ from traditional technologies, such as paper or microfilm. It is more easily corrupted or altered without recognition. Digital storage media have shorter life spans, and digital information requires access technologies that are changing at an ever-increasing pace. Some types of information, such as multimedia, are so closely linked to the software and hardware technologies that they cannot be used outside these proprietary environments [Kuny 1998]. Because of the speed of technological advances, the time frame in which we must consider archiving becomes much shorter. The time between manufacture and preservation is shrinking.

While there are traditions of stewardship and best practices that have become institutionalized in the print environment, many of these traditions are inadequate, inappropriate or not well known among the stakeholders in the digital environment. Originators are able to bypass the traditional publishing, dissemination and announcement processes that are part of the traditional path from creation to archiving and preservation. Groups and individuals who did not previously consider themselves to be archivists are now being drawn into the role, either because of the infrastructure and intellectual property issues involved or because user groups are demanding it. Librarians and archivists who traditionally managed the life cycle of print information from creation to long-term preservation and archiving, must now look to information managers from the computer science tradition to support the development of a system of stewardship in the new digital environment. There is a need to identify new best practices that satisfy the requirements and are practical for the various stakeholder groups involved.

2.0 The Background of the ICSTI Study

In an effort to advance the state-of-the-art and practice of digital archiving, the International Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI), a community of scientific and technical information organizations that includes national libraries, research institutes, publishers, and bibliographic database producers, sponsored a study in March 1999 [Hodge 1999]. This study is the most recent in a series of efforts on the part of ICSTI to highlight the importance of digital archiving. The topic was first raised in the joint UNESCO/International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) Conference on Electronic Publishing in 1996. The topic was highlighted at the technical session of the June 1997 Annual ICSTI meeting and a working group was formed. The Electronic Publications Archive Working Group presented a white paper of the major issues in December 1998 [ICSTI 1998]. At its December 1998 meeting, the ICSTI Board approved the study on which this report is based. Based on common interest in this topic, CENDI, an interagency working group of scientific and technical information managers in the U.S. federal government, cosponsored the study.

3.0 Study Methodology

The study began with an initial survey of the ICSTI and CENDI membership, a literature review and contacts with experts in order to identify digital archiving projects. Over 30 projects were identified, from which 18 were selected as the most 'cutting edge'. The highlighted projects covered six countries (U.S. (9), UK (2), Canada (1), Australia (1), Sweden (1) and Finland (1)) and four international organizations. They came from a variety of sectors including government scientific and technical programs, national archives, national libraries, publishers, and research institutes.

Project managers from the selected projects were asked a series of questions aimed at identifying emerging models and best practices for digital archiving. While technologies for storage and retrieval were discussed, technology was of secondary interest to the understanding of policy and practice.

For purposes of the study, 'digital archiving' was defined as the long-term storage, preservation and access to information that is 'born digital' (created and disseminated primarily in electronic form) or for which the digital version is considered to be the primary archive. [The study did not include the digitization of material from another medium unless the digital became the primary version.] The study aimed to provide new insights into digital archiving issues elicited by many of the baseline studies and white papers on digital archiving [Garrett 1996; Hedstrom 1998; NRC 1995; Haynes 1997; Beagrie 1998]. Primary attention was given to operational and prototype projects involving scientific and technical information at an international level. It included a variety of digital format types applicable to scientific and technical information, including data, text, images, audio, video and multimedia; and a variety of object types, such as electronic journals, monographs, satellite imagery, biological sequence data, and patents. The results, while not scientifically valid, identify emerging models and best practices for digital archives in an effort to support the development of a tradition of digital stewardship.

4.0 Digital Archiving in the Framework of Information Life Cycle Management

The project managers from the 'cutting edge' projects emphasized the importance of considering best practices for archiving at all stages of the information management life cycle. Acknowledging this important philosophy, the best practices identified by the study are presented in the framework of the information life cycle -- creation, acquisition, cataloging/identification, storage, preservation and access.

4.1 Creation

Creation is the act of producing the information product. The producer may be a human author or originator, or a piece of equipment such as a sensing device, satellite or laboratory instrument. Creation is viewed here in the broadest sense, as increasingly science is based on a variety of data types, products and originators.

All project managers acknowledged that creation is where long-term archiving and preservation must start. Even in rigorously controlled situations, the digital information may be lost without the initial awareness on the part of the originator of the importance of archiving. Practices used when a digital object is created ultimately impact the ease with which the object can be digitally archived and preserved.

In addition, there are several key practices involving the creator that are evolving within the archiving projects. First, the creator may be involved in assessing the long-term value of the information. In lieu of other assessment factors, the creator’s estimate of the long-term value of the information may be a good indication of the value that will be placed on it by people within the same discipline or area of research in the future. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Digital Publications Preservation Steering Committee has suggested that the creator provide a preservation indicator in the document. This would not take the place of formal retention schedules, but it would provide an indication of the long-term value that the creator, as a practicing researcher, attaches to the document’s contents.

Secondly, the preservation and archiving process is made more efficient when attention is paid to issues of consistency, format, standardization and metadata description in the very beginning of the information life cycle. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee, USA) recently announced guidelines for the creation of digital documents. Limits are placed on both the software that can be used and on the format and layout of the documents in order to make short and long-term information management easier.

Many project managers acknowledged that the best practice would be to create the metadata at the object creation stage, or to create the metadata in stages, with the metadata provided at creation augmented by additional elements during the cataloging/identification stage. However, only in the case of data objects is the metadata routinely collected at the point of creation. Many of the datasets are created by measurement or monitoring instruments, and the metadata is supplied along with the data stream. This may include location, instrument type, and other quality indicators concerning the context of the measurement. In some cases, this instrument-generated metadata is supplemented by information provided by the original researcher.

For smaller datasets and other objects such as documents and images, much of the metadata continues to be created 'by hand' and after-the-fact. Metadata creation is not sufficiently incorporated into the tools for the creation of these objects to rely solely on the creation process. As standards groups and vendors move to incorporate XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language) and RDF (Resource Description Framework) architectures in their word processing and database products, the creation of metadata as part of the origination of the object will be easier.

4.2 Acquisition and Collection Development

Acquisition and collection development is the stage in which the created object is 'incorporated' physically or virtually into the archive. The object must be known to the archive administration. There are two main aspects to the acquisition of digital objects -- collection policies and gathering procedures.

4.2.1 Collection Policies

In most countries, the major difference in collection policies between formal print and electronic publications is the question of whether digital materials are included under current deposit legislation. Guidelines help to establish the boundaries in such an unregulated situation. It is also the case that there is just too much material that could be archived from the Internet, so guidelines are needed to tailor the general collection practices of the organization. The collection policies answer questions related to selecting what to archive, determining extent, archiving links, and refreshing site contents.

4.2.1.1 Selecting What to Archive

Both the National Library of Canada (NLC) and the National Library of Australia (NLA) acknowledge the importance of selection guidelines. The NLC’s Guidelines state, 'The main difficulty in extending legal deposit to network publishing is that legal deposit is a relatively indiscriminate acquisition mechanism that aims at comprehensiveness. In the network environment, any individual with access to the Internet can be a publisher, and the network publishing process does not always provide the initial screening and selection at the manuscript stage on which libraries have traditionally relied in the print environment… Selection policies are, therefore, needed to ensure the collection of publications of lasting cultural and research value.' [NLC 1998]

While the scope of NLA’s PANDORA (Preserving and Accessing Networked DOcumentary Resources of Australia) Project is only to preserve Australian Internet publishing, the NLA also acknowledges that it is still impossible to archive everything. Therefore, the NLA has formulated guidelines for the Selection of Online Australian Publications Intended for Preservation by the National Library of Australia. These guidelines are key to the successful networking of the state libraries into the National Collection of Australian Electronic Publications, since they provide consistency across multiple acquisition activities. Scholarly publications of national significance and those of current and long term research value are archived comprehensively. Other items are archived on a selective basis 'to provide a broad cultural snapshot of how Australians are using the Internet to disseminate information, express opinions, lobby, and publish their creative work.' [NLA]

4.2.1.2 Determining Extent

Directly connected to the question of selection is the issue of extent. What is the extent or the boundary of a particular digital work? This is particularly an issue when selecting complex Web sites.

'[For PANDORA] internal links only are archived. Both higher and lower links on the site are explored to establish which components form a title that stands on its own for the purposes of preservation and cataloguing. …preference is given to breaking down large sites into component titles and selecting those that meet the guidelines. However, sometimes the components of larger publications or sites do not stand well on their own but together do form a valuable source of information. In this case, if it fits the guidelines, the site should be selected for archiving as an entity.' [NLA]

4.2.1.3 Archiving Links

The extensive use of hypertext links to other digital objects in electronic publications raises the question of whether these links and their content should be archived along with the source item. This issue has been addressed by the selected projects in a variety of ways.

Most organizations archive the links (the URLs or other identifiers) but not the content of the linked objects. The American Institute of Physics archives the links embedded in the text and references of its electronic journal articles but not the text or content of any of these links, unless the linked item happens to be in its publication archive or in the supplemental material which it also archives. Similarly, the Office of Scientific and Technical Information of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE OSTI) does not intentionally archive any links beyond the extent of the digital object itself. However, the document may be linked to another document if that document is another DOE document in the OSTI archive. NLA’s decision about archiving the content of linked objects is based on its selection guidelines. If a linked item meets the selection guidelines, it’s contents will be archived, otherwise it will not be.

In a slightly different approach, the NLC has chosen to archive the text of the linked object only if it is on the same server as the object that is being archived. The NLC cites difficulties in tracking down hypertext links and acquiring the linked objects as the reason for its decision not to include the content of other links. The previous issue of the same periodical, accessed through a hypertext link, would be considered a part of the original publication. Another publication accessed through a hypertext link would not be considered part of the original publication.

Only two of the reviewed projects archive the content of all links. Internet guru Brewster Kahle’s Internet Archive retains all links (unless they are to 'off-limits' sites), because the aim of the project is to archive a snapshot of the entire Internet. Within a specific domain, the American Astronomical Society also maintains all links to both documents and supporting materials in other formats, based on extensive collaboration among the various international astronomical societies, researchers, universities, and government agencies. Each organization archives its own publications, but links are maintained not only from references in the full text and cited references of the articles, but between and among the major international astronomical databases. Within this specific domain, the contents of all linked objects are available.

4.2.1.4 Refreshing the Archived Contents

In cases where the archiving is taking place while changes or updates may still be occurring to the digital object, as in the case of on-going Web sites, there is a need to consider refreshing the archived contents. A balance must be struck between the completeness and currency of the archive and the burden on the system resources. Obviously, the burden of refreshing the content increases as the number of sources stored in the archive increases. For example, NLA allocates a gathering schedule to each 'publication' in its automatic harvesting program. The options include on/off, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, every nine months, or annually. The selection is dependent on the degree of change expected and the overall stability of the site.

4.2.2 Gathering Approaches

There are two general approaches to the gathering of relevant Internet-based information -- hand-selected and automatic. In the case of the NLA, the sites are reviewed and hand-selected. They are monitored for their persistence before being included in the archive. Alternatively, the Royal Library, the National Library of Sweden, acquires material by periodically running a robot to capture sites for its Kulturarw³ project without making value judgments [National Library of Sweden]. The harvester automatically captures sites from the .se country domain and from known Web servers that are located in Sweden even though they have .com extensions. In addition, some material is obtained from foreign sites with material about Sweden, such as travel information or translations of Swedish literature. While the acquisition is automatic, the National Library gives priority to periodicals, static documents, and HTML pages. Conferences, usenet groups, ftp archives, and databases are considered lower priority.

The EVA Project at the University of Helsinki, National Library of Finland uses techniques similar to those used in Sweden. However, the guidelines from EVA address issues to be considered when using robots for harvesting. In order not to overload the servers being harvested, particularly those belonging to the public networks, the EVA guidelines establish time limits between visits to a single Web server and between capturing and recapturing a single URL. Even though this approach has allowed the EVA project to progress, developers at EVA consider this approach to be 'very rough and not flexible enough for archiving purposes.' [University of Helsinki Library] The EVA developers would prefer that the time limits be more configurable at the server and, preferably, at the individual URL levels. The flexibility would require that the scheduler be a database application that can be modified by the librarian.

4.2.3 Intellectual Property Concerns

Intellectual property remains a key issue in the acquisition process. The approaches to intellectual property vary based on the type of organization doing the archiving. In the case of data centers or corporate archives where there is a close tie between the center and the owner or funding source, there is little question about the intellectual property rights related to acquisition. However, in the case of national libraries, the approaches to intellectual property rights differ from country to country. The differences are based on variant national information policies or legal deposit laws. In many countries, the law has not yet caught up with the digital environment, and the libraries must make their own decisions. In the absence of digital deposit legislation, the PANDORA Project seeks permission from the copyright owner before copying the resource for the archive. In contrast, the Swedish and Finnish national library projects have an automated system and do not contact the owners.

4.3 Identification and Cataloging

Once the archive has acquired the digital object, it is necessary to identify and catalog it. Both identification and cataloging allow the archiving organization to manage the digital objects over time. Identification provides a unique key for finding the object and linking that object to other related objects. Cataloging in the form of metadata supports organization, access and curation. Cataloging and identification practices are often related to what is being archived and the resources available for managing the archive.

4.3.1 Metadata

All archives use some form of metadata for description, reuse, administration, and preservation of the archived object. There are issues related to how the metadata is created, the metadata standards and content rules that are used, the level at which metadata is applied and where the metadata is stored.

The majority of the projects created metadata in whole or part at the cataloging stage. However, there is increasing interest in automatic generation of metadata, since the manual creation of metadata is considered to be a major impediment to digital archiving. A project is underway at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to derive metadata at the data element level from legacy databases. The Defense Information Technology Testbed (DITT) Project within the U.S. Department of Defense is also investigating automated metadata generation.

A variety of metadata formats are used by the selected projects, depending on the data type, discipline, resources available, and cataloging approaches used. Most national libraries use traditional library cataloging standards with some fields unable to be filled and others taking on new meaning. All titles in the NLA’s PANDORA Archive receive full MARC cataloging by the Electronic Unit Staff. However, several newer abbreviated formats developed specifically for Web-based resources are also in use. EVA uses a Dublin Core-like format. It is anticipated that an abbreviated format such as the Dublin Core may facilitate receipt of metadata directly from the publisher, eliminating the need for extensive library cataloging.

There is even a greater variety of content standards used by the projects when entering data into the metadata fields. The national libraries tend to use traditional library cataloging rules such as AACR2. Some communities, such as the geospatial community, have information standards, such as latitude and longitude, which are easily incorporated as metadata content standards. However, work remains to identify the specific metadata elements needed for long-term preservation as opposed to discovery, particularly for non-textual data types like images, video and multimedia.

The level at which metadata is applied depends on the type of data and the anticipated access needs. Datasets are generally cataloged at the file or collection level. Electronic journal articles may be cataloged individually, sometimes with no concern about metadata for the issue or journal title levels. Homepages provide a particularly difficult problem for determining the level at which metadata should be applied. Generally, the metadata is applied to whatever level is considered to be the full extent of the intellectual resource.

In the projects reviewed, the metadata files generally are stored separately from the archives themselves. Libraries may store the metadata in their online public access catalogs. Publishers may store the metadata in a bibliographic or citation database. However, in some instances, such as electronic journals with tagged headers for title, authors, author affiliation, etc., the information may be stored with the object itself and extracted for the catalog. In the case of distributed archives, the metadata may be stored centrally, with the objects distributed throughout the network, or the metadata may be stored as embedded tags in the digital resource.

Discussions surrounding the interoperability of archives, both within and across disciplines, focus on the need to be able to crosswalk or translate between the various metadata formats. This is key to the development of networked, heterogeneous archives. The Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Reference Model developed by the ISO Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems addresses this issue by encapsulating specific metadata as needed for each object type in a consistent data model [CCSDS 1998]. The Long Term Environmental Research (LTER) Network has developed mechanisms for 'fitting' its network-specific metadata information into the broader scheme of the Federal Geographic Data Committee content standard for geographic data and other standards related to ecology.

4.3.2 Persistent Identification

For those archives that do not copy the digital material immediately into the archive, the movement of material from server to server or from directory to directory on the network, resulting in a change in the URL, is problematic. The use of the server as the location identifier can result in a lack of persistence over time both for the source object and any linked objects.

Despite possible problems, most archives continue to use the URL when referencing the location for the digital object. However, there are some projects that are changing this practice. The OCLC archive uses PURLs <http://purl.oclc.org/>, persistent identifiers to which the changeable URL is mapped. The American Chemical Society uses the Digital Object Identifier <http://www.doi.org> for its journal articles and also maintains the original Manuscript Number assigned to the item at the beginning of the publication process. The Defense Technical Information Center of the U.S. Department of Defense is using the Handle® system <http://www.handle.net/> developed by CNRI.

A multifaceted identification system is used by the American Astronomical Society (AAS). Name resolution is used instead of URLs. In addition, the AAS uses astronomy’s standard identifier, called a 'Bibcode', which has been in use for fifteen years. In the spring of 1999, AAS added PubRef numbers (a linkage mechanism originally developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine); other identifiers can be added as needed to maintain links.

4.4 Storage

Storage is often treated as a passive stage in the life cycle, but storage media and formats have changed with legacy information perhaps lost forever. Block sizes, tape sizes, tape drive mechanisms and operating systems have changed over time. Most organizations that responded to the question about the periodicity of media migration anticipate a 3-5 year cycle.

The most common solution to this problem of changing storage media is migration to new storage systems. This is expensive, and there is always concern about the loss of data or problems with the quality when a transfer is made. Check algorithms are extremely important when this approach is used.

The most rigorous media migration practices are in place at the data centers. The Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring (ARM) Center at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory plans to migrate to new technologies every 4-5 years. During each migration, the data is copied to the new technology. Each migration will require 6-12 months. According to Ray McCord of the ARM Center, 'This is a major effort and may become nearly continuous as the size [of the archive] increases.'

4.5 Preservation

Preservation is the aspect of archival management that preserves the content as well as the look and feel of the digital object. While the study showed that there is no common agreement on the definition of long-term preservation, the time frame can be thought of as long enough to be concerned about changes in technology and changes in the user community. Depending on the particular technologies and subject disciplines involved, the project managers interviewed estimated the cycle for hardware/software migration at 2-10 years.

4.5.1 Hardware and Software Migration

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New releases of databases, spreadsheets, and word processors can be expected at least every two to three years, with patches and minor updates released more often. While software vendors generally provide migration strategies or upward compatibility for some generations of their products, this may not be true beyond one or two generations. Migration is not guaranteed to work for all data types, and it becomes particularly unreliable if the information product has used sophisticated software features. There is generally no backward compatibility, and if it is possible, there is certainly loss of integrity in the result.

Plans are less rigorous for migrating to new hardware and applications software than for storage media. In order to guard against major hardware/software migration issues, the organizations try to procure mainstream commercial technologies. For example, both the American Chemical Society and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency purchased Oracle not only for its data management capabilities but for the company’s longevity and ability to impact standards development. Unfortunately, this level of standardization and ease of migration is not as readily available among technologies used in specialized fields where niche systems are required because of the interfaces to instrumentation and the volume of data to be stored and manipulated.

Emulation, which encapsulates the behavior of the hardware/software with the object, is being considered as an alternative to migration. For example, a MS Word 2000 document would be labeled as such and then metadata information provided that indicates how to reconstruct such a document is at the engineering -- bits and bytes -- level. An alternative to encapsulating the software with every instance of the data type is to create an emulation registry that uniquely identifies the hardware and software environments and provides information on how to recreate the environment in order to preserve the use of the digital object. (Heminger 1998; Rothenberg 1999]

At this time, there is no system in place to provide the extensive documentation and emulation information required for this approach to be operable, particularly to allow an archive to deal with the variety of older technologies. Most importantly, there is no policy that requires the manufacturers to deposit the emulation information. The best practice for the foreseeable future will be migration to new hardware and software platforms; emulation will begin to be used if and when the hardware and software industries begin to endorse it.

4.5.2 Preservation of the Look and Feel

At the specific format level, there are several approaches used to save the 'look and feel' of material. For journal articles, the majority of the projects reviewed use image files (TIFF), PDF, or HTML. TIFF is the most prevalent for those organizations that are involved in any way with the conversion of paper backfiles. For example, JSTOR, a non-profit organization that supports both storage of current journal issues in electronic format and conversion of back issues, processes everything from paper into TIFF and then scans the TIFF image. The OCR, because it cannot achieve 100% accuracy, is used only for searching; the TIFF image is the actual delivery format that the user sees. However, this does not allow the embedded references to be active hyperlinks.

HTML/SGML (Standard Generalized Mark-up Language) is used by many large publishers after years of converting publication systems from proprietary formats to SGML. The American Astronomical Society (AAS) has a richly encoded SGML format that is used as the archival format from which numerous other formats and products are made [Boyce 1997]. The SGML version that is actually stored by the publisher is converted to HTML. PDF versions can also be provided by conversion routines.

For purely electronic documents, PDF is the most prevalent format. This provides a replica of the Postscript format of the document, but relies upon proprietary encoding technologies. PDF is used both for formal publications and grey literature. The National Library of Sweden transforms dissertations that are received in formats other than PDF to PDF and HTML. While PDF is increasingly accepted, concerns remain for long-term preservation and it may not be accepted as a legal depository format, because of its proprietary nature.

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Preserving the 'look and feel' is difficult in the text environment, but it is even more difficult in the multimedia environment, where there is a tightly coupled interplay between software, hardware and content. The U.S. Department of Defense DITT Project is developing models and software for the management of multimedia objects. Similarly, the University of California at San Diego has developed a model for object-based archiving that allows various levels and types of metadata with distributed storage of various data types. The UCSD work is funded by the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

4.5.3 Transformation vs. Native Formats

A key preservation issue is the format in which the archival version should be stored. Transformation is the process of converting the native format to a standard format. On the whole, the projects reviewed favored storage in native formats. However, there are several examples of data transformation. AAS and ACS transform the incoming files into SGML-tagged ASCII format. The AAS believes that 'The electronic master copy, if done well, is able to serve as the robust electronic archival copy. Such a well-tagged copy can be updated periodically, at very little cost, to take advantage of advances in both technology and standards. The content remains unchanged, but the public electronic version can be updated to remain compatible with the advances in browsers and other access technology.' [Boyce 1997]

Paperless 3 0 2 – Digital Documents Manager Job Description

The data community also provides some examples of data transformation. For example, the NASA Data Active Archive Centers (DAACs) transform incoming satellite and ground-monitoring information into standard Common Data Format. The U.K.’s National Digital Archive of Datasets (NDAD) transforms the native format into one of its own devising, since NDAD could not find an existing standard that dealt with all their metadata needs. These transformed formats are considered to be the archival versions, but the bit-wise copies are retained, so that someone can replicate what the center has done.

In some countries, there are intellectual property questions related to native versus transformed formats. According to Canadian Copyright Law, an author’s rights are infringed if the original work is 'distorted, mutilated or otherwise modified.' After much discussion, the NLC decided that converting an electronic publication to a standard format to preserve the quality of the original and to ensure long-term access does not infringe on the author's right of integrity. However, this assumption has not been tested in court.

4.5.4 Standards and Interoperability

One of the paradoxes of the networked environment is that in an environment that is so dynamic and open to change, there is a greater and greater emphasis on standards. Those projects that have been archiving for a long period of time indicated that while they started out with a large number of incoming formats -- primarily textual -- the number of formats have decreased. DOE OSTI began its project with a limited number of acceptable input formats, because there were so many different native formats. In the political environment of that time, it was difficult to gain support for the standardization of word processing packages. However, documents are currently received in only a few formats. Text is received in SGML (and its relatives HTML and XML), PDF (Normal and Image), WordPerfect and Word. Images are received in TIFF Group 4 and PDF Image.

The market forces have reduced the number of major word processing vendors. To a lesser extent, consolidation has occurred in the number of spreadsheet and database formats. However, there is less consistency in the modeling, simulation and specific purpose software areas; much of this software continues to be specific to the project. Therefore, the emphasis in these areas is on the development of standards for interoperability and data exchange (e.g., the Open GIS Consortium for interoperability between geographic information systems), realizing that perhaps the market forces will not play as large a role here as with more general purpose software applications.

4.6 Access

The previous life cycle functions that have been discussed are performed for the purpose of ensuring continuous access to the material in the archive. Successful practices must consider changes to access mechanisms, as well as rights management and security requirements over the long term.

4.6.1 Access Mechanisms

Most project managers interviewed consider the access and display mechanisms to be another source of change in the digital environment. Today it is the Web, but there is no way of knowing what it might be tomorrow. It may be possible in the future to enhance the quality of presentation of items from the digital archive based on advances in digitization and browser technologies. NLM’s Profiles in Science product creates an electronic archive of the photographs, text, videos, etc. that are provided by donors to this project. This electronic archive is used to create new access versions as the access mechanisms change. However, the originals are always retained. Project manager Alexa McCray stated that 'The evolution of technology has shown that whatever level of detail is captured in the conversion process, it will eventually become insufficient. New hardware and software will make it possible to capture and display at higher quality over time. It is always desirable to capture and recapture using the original item.'

4.6.2 Rights Management and Security Requirements

One of the most difficult access issues for digital archiving involves rights management. What rights does the archive have? What rights do various user groups have? What rights has the owner retained? How will the access mechanism interact with the archive’s metadata to ensure that these rights are managed properly? Rights management includes providing or restricting access as appropriate, and changing the access rights as the material’s copyright and security level changes.

Security and version control also impact digital archiving. Brewster Kahle raises many interesting questions concerning privacy and 'stolen information,' particularly since the Internet Archive policy is to archive all sites that are linked to one another in one long chain. [Kahle 1997]. Similarly, there is concern among image archivists that images can be tampered with without the tampering being detected. Particularly in cases where conservation issues are at stake, it is important to have metadata to manage encryption, watermarks, digital signatures, etc. that can survive despite changes in the format and media on which the digital item is stored.

5.0 Conclusions

Within the sciences, there are a variety of digital archiving projects that are at the operational or pilot stage. A review of the cutting-edge projects shows the beginning of a body of best practices for digital archiving across the stages of the information life cycle.

Standards for creating digital objects and metadata description, which specifically address archiving issues, are being developed at the organization and discipline levels. Regardless of whether acquisition is done by human selection or automated gathering software, there is a growing body of guidelines to support questions of what to select, the extent of the digital work, the archiving of related links and refreshing the contents of sites. Standards for cataloging and persistent, unique identification are important in order to make the material known to the archive administration. A variety of metadata formats, content rules and identification schemes are currently in use, with an emphasis on crosswalks to support interoperability, while standardizing as much as possible. Issues of storage and preservation (maintaining the look and feel of the content) are closely linked to the continuous development of new technologies. Current practice is to migrate from one storage medium, hardware configuration and software format to the next. This is an arduous and expensive process that may be eliminated if emulation strategies are developed among standards groups and hardware and software manufacturers. Access mechanisms, being hardware and software based, have their own migration issues. In addition, there are concerns about rights management, security and version control at the access and re-use stage of the life cycle.

While there are still many issues to be resolved and technology continues to develop a-pace, there are hopeful signs that the early adopters in the area of digital archiving are providing lessons-learned that can be adopted by others in the stakeholder communities. Through the collaborative efforts of the various stakeholder groups -- creators, librarians, archivists, funding sources, and publishers -- and the involvement of information managers, a new tradition of stewardship will be developed to ensure the preservation and continued access to our scientific and technological heritage.

Acknowledgments

Grateful acknowledgment is given to the project managers who contributed their time and expertise, and to ICSTI and CENDI for sponsoring the study on which this article is based. ICSTI also sponsored the writing of this article.

References

[Beagrie 1998] Neil Beagrie and Daniel Greenstein. 'A Strategic Policy Framework for Creating and Preserving Digital Collections.' July 14, 1998. <http://www.ahds.ac.uk/manage/framework.htm>

[Boyce 1997] Peter Boyce. 'Costs, Archiving, and the Publishing Process in Electronic STM Journals.' Against the Grain, v. 9 #5, November 1997, p. 86. <http://www.aas.org/~pboyce/epubs/atg98a-2.html>

[CCSDS 1998] Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. 'Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS): Recommendation Concerning Space Data Systems Standards.' White Book CCSDS 650.0-W-4.0, September 17, 1998. <http://ssdoo.gsfc.nasa.gov/nost/isoas/ref_model.html>

[CENDI] <http://www.dtic.mil/cendi/>

[ICSTI] <http://www.icsti.org/>

[ICSTI 1998] 'The Electronic Publications Archive -- Report of a Working Group of the International Council for Scientific and Technical Information.' December 1998.

[Garrett 1996] John Garrett and Donald Waters. 'Preserving Digital Information: Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information.' Commissioned by the Commission on Preservation and Access and the Research Libraries Group, Inc. 1996. <www.rlg.org/ArchTF/tfadi.index.htm>

[Haynes 1997] David Haynes, David Streatfield, Tanya Jowett and Monica Blake. 'Responsibility for Digital Archiving and Long Term Access to Digital Data.' JISC/NPO Studies on Preservation of Electronic Materials. 1997. <http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/papers/bl/jisc-npo67/digital-preservation.html>

[Hedstrom 1998] Margaret Hedstrom and Sheon Montgomery. 'Digital Preservation Needs and Requirements in RLG Member Institutions.' A study commissioned by the Research Libraries Group. December 1998. <http://www.rlg.org/preserv/digpres.html>

[Helsinki University Library] Helsinki University Library and Center for Scientific Computing in Finland. Functional and Technical Requirements for Capturing On-line Documents (EVA-Project), No Date.

[Heminger 1998] Alan R. Heminger and Steven B. Robertson. 'Digital Rosetta Stone: A Conceptual Model for Maintaining Long-term Access to Digital Documents' November 21, 1998. <http://tuvok.au.af.mil/au/database/research/ay1996/afit_la/rober_sb.htm>

[Hodge 1999] Gail Hodge. 'Digital Electronic Archiving: The State of the Art, The State of the Practice.' April 26, 1999. <http://www.icsti.org>

[Kahle 1997] Brewster Kahle. 'Preserving the Internet.' Scientific American, March 1997. <http://www.sciam.com/0397issue/0397kahle.html>

[Kuny 1998] Terry Kuny. 'The Digital Dark Ages? Challenges in the Preservation of Electronic Information.' International Preservation News, No. 17, May 1998. <http://www.ifla.org/VI/4/news/17-98.htm#2>

[NLC 1998] National Library of Canada, Electronic Collections Coordinating Group. Networked Electronic Publications Policy And Guidelines, October 1998. <http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/pubs/irm/eneppg.htm>

[NLA] National Library of Australia. 'Selection of Online Australian Publications Intended for Preservation by the National Library of Australia.' <http://www.nla.gov.au/scoap/guidelines.html>

[NRC 1995] National Research Council. Preserving Scientific Data on Our Physical Universe: A New Strategy for Archiving the Nation's Scientific Information Resources. 1995.

[National Library of Sweden] Royal Library. National Library of Sweden. 'Kulturarw³.' <http://kulturarw.kb.se/html/kulturarw3.eng.html>

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[Rothenberg 1999] Jeffrey Rothenberg. 'Avoiding Technological Quicksand: Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation.'. Report to CLIR, January, 1999. <http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/rothenberg/contents.html>

Copyright © 2000 ConseilInternational Pour L'Information Scientifique et Technique [International Council for Scientific and Technical Information]

Filters and diffusions for coloring, correcting and controlling light, including: Roscolux, Supergel, E-Colour+, Cinegel, GamColor, Permacolor & OPTI-FLECS. Color splash is a cool photo effect. Fotor’s color splash effect can help you convert your images into black and white while maintaining the colored areas you want to highlight easily. No Photoshop skills required. It can make a big contrast between colors and B&W on your photos. Try Fotor’s color splash photo effect now!

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• Color Filter For Pictures

Lens filters are transparent or translucent glass or gelatin elements that attach to the front of a lens. They protect the camera lens, alter the characteristics of light passing through the lens or add special effects and colors to an image. They come in two types -- screw-in filters and slot-in filters.

1. Color Filters for Astrophotography. All semiconductor sensors in digital cameras produce inherently monochrome images. But some astronomy cameras and all DSLR cameras are engineered to produce color images by using a matrix of red, green, and blue filters, called a Bayer filter, in front of the sensor, along with some clever processing.
2. You can get different types of filters for film lights that can change the color and mood of a shot. These filter gels are specifically designed for use with studio lights, so they can withstand high temperatures. Some homemade options may not cope with high temperatures as well and could be a fire risk. Colored filter gel sheets can be bought.

Screw-in Filters

Screw-in filters fit directly onto your lens, in the threads at the edge of the lens barrel. Each screw-in filter is a specific width, so the more lenses (of different widths) you have the more filters you’ll need. Screw-in filters are ideal, and make polarizers and UV filters easy to swap in and out.

Slot-in Filters

For slot-in filters, a filter holder is placed on the lens’ adapter ring and filters are dropped into the holder. The holder usually has interchangeable rings so the holder can fit on a wide array of lenses. The holder typically has three or four grooves, so you can put more than one filter in the holder. The advantage of the slot-in filter, is that you can add or subtract filters relatively quickly and larger filters can work on shorter, smaller lenses.

Filter Factor

Filters change the dynamics of the light entering the lens and usually require you to alter your exposure to compensate for this fact. This is called the Filter Factor and each filter has a specific filter factor, so read up on these to learn how to use them.

UV Filter

Ultra Violet filters are transparent filters that block ultra-violet light, in order to reduce the haziness that is noticeably apparent in some daylight photography. UV filters don’t affect the majority of visible light, so they are a perfect form of lens protection and they will not alter your exposure. There are some “strong” UV filters that are more effective at cutting atmospheric haze and reducing the notorious purple fringing that sometimes shows up in digital photography. Purple fringing is a purple ghost that you see at the edges of a subject when it is slightly out of focus.

Polarizing Filter

A Polarizing filter can be used to darken overly light skies as it increases the contrast between clouds and the sky. Like the UV filter, the Polarizer reduces atmospheric haze, but also reduces reflected sunlight. The most typical function of a Polarizer is to remove reflections from water and glass. When angled (or spun) properly, the Polarizer eliminates the reflection when shooting through a glass window or into water; a handy trick to be sure! There are two types of polarizers: linear and circular. Both types of polarizers produce a similar effect, except the circular polarizer eliminates unwanted reflected light with the help of a quarter-wave plate. The resulting image is free of reflected light, and transparent objects like glass are free of reflections.

Color Balancing Filter

As you know, visible light is made up of a multiple color spectrum. But in photography, you have to make a choice to capture images with the camera’s white balance set to record whitish blue light of daylight or set to record the reddish-orange tungsten (incandescent) light… with a few variations (i.e. sodium-vapor or fluorescent). This is what the white balance is used to control, and you use a color balancing filter to affect a change in your light sources. However, you can use a Color Balancing filter to compensate for the various differences in the photographed color of light (e.g. daylight is cooler and appears blue, whereas tungsten is warmer and appears reddish orange). The 85B (warm-up/orange filter) and the 80A (cool-down/blue filter) are the two standard filters for compensating for color balancing. The 85B enables you to shoot in the daylight when the white balance/color temperature is set for tungsten. Without the 85B filter, your image will have a blue color cast to it. The 80A enables you to shoot under tungsten light when the color temperature/white balance is set for daylight. Without the 80A, your image will be abnormally warm/reddish orange. These filters have fallen out of use recently because this type of color temperature correction can easily be achieved with image processing software. Some photographers use them for various artistic affects.

Neutral Density Filter

Attaching a neutral density (ND) filter to your lens uniformly reduces the amount of light entering the lens. The ND filter is helpful when the contrast between the highlights and shadows is too great to get a quality exposure. The ND Filter also can enable greater motion blurring and image detail by allowing a large aperture and/or a slow shutter speed to be used. A variant on the ND filter is the graduated ND, in which there is a gradient that effects the reduction of light in a graduated, neutral level from 100% to 0% across the length of the filter. The Graduated ND is recommended for shooting landscapes and seascapes, because you can reduce the brightness of the sky (for better contrast) but still maintain an affecting exposure of the land or water.

Soft Focus Filter

Soft focus filters, do exactly that, they reduce the sharpness of an image, but only to an extent that is barely noticeable. They are useful in shooting close up shots of people’s faces. With the help of a little diffusion; imperfect skin conditions are replaced by silky smooth skin. Remember you can use soft focus filters while photographing landscapes or monuments as well.

Filters for B&W Photography

There are specific filters for B&W photography that lighten similar colors and darken opposite colors, thereby enhancing the monochromatic look. There are Red, Orange, Yellow, Green and Blue filters for use in B&W photography.

Red filters are a favorite among landscape photographers and are often used to add drama. In nature photography, a red filter will increase the contrast between red flowers and green foliage. A red filter will deepen a blue sky and make white clouds pop out. It can also decrease the effects of haze and fog. In some cases, depending on its strength, a red filter could even turn the sky black.

Orange filters increase contrast between tones in textures such as tile or bricks, making it a good choice for general use and urban or abstract photography. It also helps to decrease haze and fog, but it’s effects on the sky and clouds are subtler than the red filter.

Yellow filters are even subtler than orange filters, making it a ‘classic’ choice for beginners just starting to explore using filters with black and white photography. It helps to darken the clouds slightly, and it also separates light green foliage from the darker shades of green.

Green filters lighten dark green foliage and boost light green foliage. They have a more specific use and are not as commonly used as the other filters, but green filters are extremely useful for the nature photographer. Green filters may lighten the sky, so landscape photographers should take note of this when using it.

Blue filters are not as commonly used in black and white photography because they lighten the sky and darken highlights or colors that are seen as light. Blue filters can draw attention to haze and fog, which can enhance the mood of the photo if needed. It’s a good idea to experiment with this filter using the B&W setting, as opposed to shooting in color and converting the image to B&W in an image processor.

Since a filter absorbs light, it necessitates an increase in exposure. Filter-makers will usually suggest an amount of exposure compensation in the form of a “filter factor”. A filter factor of 2X means that you should multiply the exposure by 2. A filter factor of 4X means that you should multiply your exposure by 4, and so on. If the filter factor is 2X and 4X, add 1 f/stop and 2 f/stops to your exposure respectively. Another alternative is to divide your ISO by the filter factor. If the filter factor is 2X and your ISO is 200, your new ISO is 100.

Conclusion

Photographic filters are used to achieve image enhancement effects that can change the tone and mood of your photographs. Filters inject slight, but noticeable alterations to your image. You can achieve many of the same effects by extensive tweaking in Photoshop (or another image manipulation software package), but when you use a filter you can immediately see the difference to your image in the viewfinder. The effects of filters are more pronounced when working in B&W, as the monochromatic tonal scale reacts much differently, and also with greater dramatic affect. As with every new photographic accessory, practice and experimentation are the keys to expanding the application of your creative palette.

If it's hard to see what's on the screen, apply a color filter. Color filters change the color palette on the screen and can help you distinguish between things that differ only by color.

Color Filters For Pictures

To use a color filter:

1. Select Start > Settings > Ease of Access > Color filters.

2. Switch on the toggle under Turn on color filters.

3. Then, select a color filter from the menu. Try each filter to see which one suits you best.

Note: To get to color filter settings in previous versions of Windows 10, select Start > Settings > Ease of Access > Color & high contrast.

How to filter data by multiple colors in Excel?

Normally, in Excel, you can quickly filter rows with only one color, but, have you ever considered filtering rows with multiple colors at the same time? This article, I will talk about quick trick for you to deal with this problem.

Filter data by multiple colors with VBA code

In Excel, there is no direct way for you to filter rows by multiple colors, but, you can create a VBA code to return the color index number of the corresponding row in a new column, and then filter the rows by this helper column.

1. Hold down the ALT + F11 keys to open the Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications window.

2. Click Insert > Module, and paste the following code in the Module Window.

VBA code: Extract color index number:

3. And then go back to the worksheet, and enter this formula: =Getcolor(A2)(A2 is the colored cell you want to return its color index number) into a blank cell besides your data, see screenshot:

Color Filter Photo Editing

4. Then drag the fill handle down to the cells that you want to get the color index, and all the corresponding color index numbers have been extracted as following screenshot shown:

Tips: If the cells are not filled with background color, it will display a negative number -4142.

5. And then you can filter multiple color rows by using this new helper column, select this helper column, and click Data > Filter, then click the arrow button at the lower right corner of the first cell, in the list box, select the color index number that you want to filter, see screenshot:

6. Then click OK button, and your selected colors will be filtered out, see screenshot:

7. At last, you can hide the helper column as you need.

Related articles:

Color Filters For Photos 1 2 Inch

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Color Filter For Pictures

• To post as a guest, your comment is unpublished.
  Leider funktioniert das nicht bei bedingter Formatierung, hier wird die -4142 ausgegeben, da die Zelle nicht manuell eingefärbt wurde.
  Gibt es dafür eine Lösung?
• To post as a guest, your comment is unpublished.
  This is AMAZING!!
• To post as a guest, your comment is unpublished.
  tnks brother, bt some colorit can't read and showing same figure
• To post as a guest, your comment is unpublished.
  Thanks for the great workaround!!
• To post as a guest, your comment is unpublished.
  This is brilliant! Thank you very much. It's a pity this isn't stock but your solution is a great workaround.
• To post as a guest, your comment is unpublished.
  What changes to the above would be needed to put in the personal workbook so this function can be used with any spreadsheet and not need to be redone every time it was to be used?
  Thank you for your help! :)
  Tina

Scrutinous definition is - disposed to examine closely: inquisitve, searching.

1. Scrutiny 8 2 4 X 2 5
2. Scrutiny 8 2 4 X 2
3. Scrutiny 8 2 4 X 2 5

Dictionary entry overview: What does scrutiny mean?. SCRUTINY (noun) The noun SCRUTINY has 2 senses. The act of examining something closely (as for mistakes) 2. A prolonged intense look Familiarity information: SCRUTINY used as a noun is rare. Scrutiny 8.4.1.zip (9.62 MB) Choose free or premium download SLOW DOWNLOAD. FAST INSTANT DOWNLOAD Download type. Just News from Center X is produced weekly by Claudia Diera, Anthony Berryman, Beth Happel, and John Rogers. Generous support from the Stuart Foundation allows Center X to provide this service free to the public. Samsung Galaxy S4, S5, Note, Sony Xperia Z, Z1, Z2, Z3, HTC One, Lenovo Vibe, Google Pixel 2, OnePlus 5, Honor 9, Xiaomi Redmi Note 4, Lenovo P2, Lenovo K8 Note, Lenovo K8 - 1080x1920 Honor 7X, Honor 9 Lite, Honor View 10 - 1080x2160 Netbook, Tablet, Playbook - 1024x600 PlayStation PS Vita - 960x544 Samsung Galaxy Note GT-N7000, Meizu MX 2.

Dictionary entry details

• SCRUTINY(noun)

Sense 1

Meaning:

The act of examining something closely (as for mistakes)

Classified under:

Nouns denoting acts or actions

Synonyms:

examination; scrutiny

Hypernyms ('scrutiny' is a kind of...):

investigating; investigation (the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically)

Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of 'scrutiny'):

endoscopy (visual examination of the interior of a hollow body organ by use of an endoscope)

bank examination (an examination of the affairs and records of a bank by a state or federal bank examiner)

inspection; review (a formal or official examination)

motion study; time-and-motion study; time-motion study; time and motion study; time study; work study (an analysis of a specific job in an effort to find the most efficient method in terms of time and effort)

testing (an examination of the characteristics of something)

study; survey (a detailed critical inspection)

search (boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas)

scan (the act of scanning; systematic examination of a prescribed region)

rhinoscopy (examination of the nasal passages (either through the anterior nares or with a rhinoscope through the nasopharynx))

keratoscopy (examination of the cornea with a keratoscope to detect irregularities in its anterior surface)

gonioscopy (an examination of the front part of the eye to check the angle where the iris meets the cornea; it is used to distinguish between open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma)

audit (a methodical examination or review of a condition or situation)

Scrutiny 8 2 4 X 2 5

palpation; tactual exploration (a method of examination in which the examiner feels the size or shape or firmness or location of something (of body parts when the examiner is a health professional))

ophthalmoscopy (examination of the interior of an eye using an ophthalmoscope)

look-over; once-over (a swift cursory examination or inspection)

going-over (a careful and thorough inspection)

follow-up; followup; reexamination; review (a subsequent examination of a patient for the purpose of monitoring earlier treatment)

fine-tooth comb; fine-toothed comb (a method of examining in minute detail)

comparing; comparison (the act of examining resemblances)

checkup; health check; medical; medical checkup; medical exam; medical examination (a thorough physical examination; includes a variety of tests depending on the age and sex and health of the person)

autopsy; necropsy; PM; post-mortem; post-mortem examination; postmortem; postmortem examination (an examination and dissection of a dead body to determine cause of death or the changes produced by disease)

Derivation:

scrutineer (someone who examines votes at an election)

scrutinise (examine carefully for accuracy with the intent of verification)

scrutinise (to look at critically or searchingly, or in minute detail)

scrutinize (examine carefully for accuracy with the intent of verification)

scrutinize (to look at critically or searchingly, or in minute detail)

Scrutiny 8 2 4 X 2

Sense 2

Meaning:

A prolonged intense look

Classified under:

Nouns denoting acts or actions

Hypernyms ('scrutiny' is a kind of...):

look; looking; looking at (the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually)

Derivation:

scrutineer (someone who examines votes at an election)

scrutinise (examine carefully for accuracy with the intent of verification)

scrutinise (to look at critically or searchingly, or in minute detail)

scrutinize (examine carefully for accuracy with the intent of verification)

scrutinize (to look at critically or searchingly, or in minute detail)

Scrutiny 8 2 4 X 2 5

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Oct 16, 2020 • Filed to: Photo/Video/Audio Solutions • Proven solutions

Imagine that you are taking online classes and you have an option of downloading audio or video, which one will you prefer? Videos. Videos are great for communicating with people. You can be able to watch all the happenings and instructions. If it is a movie or funny clips, then you will be able to get the real picture of the video content. With all these videos you will save them on the drive of your computer. However, you may try playing them on your computer, and you notice that cannot play since they corrupted.

HD Video Repair Utility 1.9.0.1 38 MbOur repair utility can repair and fix broken or damaged video files (MOV, MP4, 3GP, M4V) that do not play in your media player. What exactly means REPAIR? Repair means that only video and audio portions can be repaired that are not lost: On some of your. Repair means that only video and audio portions can be repaired that are not lost: On some of your corrupt files, it MAY NOT repair anything at all, on some files it MAY repair some video portions, and on some other files it MAY repair both video and audio portions (It fully depends on the grade of corruption). HD Video Repair Utility 1.9.0.1 38 MbOur repair utility can repair and fix broken or damaged video files (MOV, MP4, 3GP, M4V) that do not play in your media player. What exactly means REPAIR? Repair means that only video and audio portions can be repaired that are not lost: On some of your.

• Part 1. Causes Liable For Corrupting Videos
• Part 2. How to Repair Corrupted Video with Wondershare Video Repair?
• Part 3. Free Video Repair Tool to Fix Corrupted Video

Part 1: Causes Liable For Corrupting Videos

Before looking at some of the ideal free video repair software tools at your disposal, it is good to analyze the causes of corruption in your MP4 or MOV files. The corruption in your video files can be a result of a broken header, the loss of an internet connection as the file was downloading, sudden power outage, compression issues, or even downloading from unreliable internet sources. Luckily, there are common tools that we might even have in our machines such as the VLC Media Player that can assist us. Such free video repair software works on works on both predictive and learning algorithms while healing a video file. This is covered in the next section.

Corrupt videos are inaccessible and cannot be played. Different reasons lead to the corruption of videos. Such as:

• Virus Attack
  The worst thing that can happen to your computer is virus threats and malware. Viruses make the files read the sectors as bad sectors thus interfering with entire files thus marking them as corrupt.
• System Crash
  Computer crashes such as logical crashes lead to the corruption of the file. A system crash is often due to software bugs or hardware problems.
• Bad Sectors
  Whenever a hard drive loses its magnetism, it results in bad sectors. Therefore, when you save the videos on these bad sectors, it will automatically get corrupted.

It is so bad when you are excited to watch a video, and you find that is corrupted. The exciting thing is that you can always repair these videos with a video repair tool. Is there any freeware that repairs and fixes corrupted video files? The need to repair these precious videos is important. We will now look at three powerful video repair tools that you must try out.

Part 2: How to Repair Corrupted Video with Wondershare Video Repair?

A professional video repair tool is Recoverit Video Repair software. This software is reliable video recovery software for both Mac, and Windows users can use the best video repair tool. This repair tool repairs videos that are corrupt due to virus attacks, sudden system crash, improper compression, bad sectors, and also partial video download. The amazing thing about this software is that can repair video formats like MP4, 3G2, MOV, 3GP, M4V, M4A, WMV, and F4V. This software can also repair corrupted videos on external drives, memory cards, flashcards, and digital media devices. It is also a time-saving video repair tool since it supports batch repairing of videos.

• Supports repair of MP4, MOV, 3GP, M4V, M4A, 3G2, and F4V video file formats.
• Provides a preview of the repaired videos.
• Supports the latest Mac OS X Yosemite, Mavericks, Mountain Lion, Lion, and Snow Leopard.
• Easily restores data of corrupt or damaged video files
• Restores the sound section of corrupt video files

Repair Corrupt Video Files with the Best Video Repair Tool

Now let us see how to repair corrupt MP4, WMV, MOV, M4V video files with the best video repair tool.

Step 1 Add Corrupt Video

Add Corrupt Video Files to the Best Video Repair Tool.

Step 2 Repair Corrupt Video

Select the corrupted video files from the list and click the 'Repair' button.

Step 3 Preview and Save Repaired Video

Repairing damaged video files in the process. After the repair process completed, your preview the repaired video files.

After the saving process is complete, a confirmation message showing a link to the location of saved video files is displayed. In this way, you can easily repair corrupted videos with the video repair tool by applying the steps mentioned above without any hassle.

So, it is a straightforward, quick, and easy way to repair a corrupted or broken video file while playing. Simply download and have a try the Video Repair Tool and see if it works for you.

Part 3: Free Video Repair Tool to Fix Corrupted Video

It happens that at times video files freeze as you try to play or do not play at all. There are numerous reasons behind this such as the specific file being broken, corrupted, or even software bugs. Some of these files are so important to us as they denote memorable moments in our life and hence we cannot afford to lose them. When this happens, a free video repair software tool might come in handy for you. There exist many tools that are dedicated to curing your corrupted files partially or fully.

1Using VLC to Repair Video Files

Corrupt files that are in the format such as MOV and MP4 can readily be repaired through the VLC Media Player. The reason for this is that this player has transcoded features whose role is to convert the damaged files into playable ones. This is the reason at times you might get an error message as you strive to access your file through VLC and you are prompted to permit the repair process. Many individuals are typically unaware of the capabilities of this player and hence always select the ‘No’ option. The following steps should assist you to utilize your VLC fully.

Step 1 In your quest to repair broken video files, head over to the ‘Media’ tab, and then select ‘Convert or Save”.

Step 2 The next thing is to add video files or even streams that you want to be transcoded. Press 'convert or save'.

Step 3 A convert window will appear. You will be prompted to provide the file name for the target.

Step 4 The next thing is to select the desired input codec from the list that pops up.

Step 5 Go with the ‘Edit Selected Profile’ option to edit a specific profile’s settings. Here, you can alternatively select to add a new profile or even delete an existing one.

Step 6 Finally, press ‘start’, and your file will be repaired.

2Replication of the Video File

The second method still revolves around the VLC Media Player. Here, you simply replicate your video to get accessibility. The following steps are involved:

Step 1 You should first create a copy of the original MOV or MP4 file.

Step 2 After you complete the first step successfully, rename your video file into AVI.

Step 3 The next thing is to launch the VLC Media Player.

Step 4 Once you launch the player, head over to preferences and then go with the option that says ‘Input or Codecs’.

Step 5 Next to ‘Repair AVI Files’, select ‘Always Fix’ then click on save.

Both methods are quite easy to execute and effectively take care of your corrupted video files. The unique thing is that VLC is a free video repair software hence you do need to spend on premium tools. However, the only con is that there may be limitations with the customization options that may be present in the premium video repair tools.

3Using Digital Video Repair

Digital Video Repair by Rising Research is another popular free video repair software tool. It is fully compatible with Windows and hence you can use it to repair your broken videos. The unique thing is that it works with video formats such as MP4, MOV, AVI, FLV, and MPEG4. Common issues that are covered by DVR include partially downloading files, broken positioning index, and even videos that tend to freeze. The tool can detect the missing fragments of a file and in turn reconstruct it into a playable format. It supports multiple files in one go and can also delete junk content automatically. The steps to fixing the video files include:

Step 1 On this tool’s interface, you should select the ‘input file’ button. This prompts you to add the corrupted files. Alternatively, you can drag-and-drop your video files into the interface.

Step 2 The next step involves clicking on the ‘Check errors’ tab. Here, all the errors present in the file are scanned and then shown on the ‘File Status’ interface.

Step 3 To resolve the issues on the file, click the ‘Repair’ option.

• Pros

Using Digital Video Repair comes with numerous perks. First, it is 100% free. It is also light in size and operates with unmatched speed when compared to other free video repair software tools. Its versatility with regards to video formats and language also makes it rank highly.

• Cons

Digital Video Repair has some limitations in that while it supports multiple files, only one video can be repaired each time. Still, it is meant for Windows users only hence looking out other clients. The preview of the videos being repaired is also not present.

A video can be utilized to convey content worth thousands of words. However, high integrity obligations limit some videos especially after accidents occur. These accidents could be partial downloading of the file, interrupted transfer, or even mistaken deletion. This piece looked at some free video repair software tools that should be able to get your file together in simple steps. They include the VLC Media Player and the Digital Video Repair. By utilizing them in the right manner, you can always retrieve corrupted files and be able to enjoy them once more. Pick the procedure that you deem fit for your file from the above.

Solve Media File Problems

Recover & Repair Photos

Recover & Repair Videos

Recover & Repair Audio

Recover & Repair Cameras

MP4 is a digital multimedia format most commonly used to store video and audio, but can also be used to store other data such as subtitles and still images. It is popular on the Internet and supported on a range of consumer electronics devices, including digital cameras, mobile phones, iPhone, iPod, and more. MP4 provides high-quality and highly compressed digital video, but we usually experienced the corruption of our favorite or important MP4 videos, for example:

“I recorded a video by my mobile phone. It was saved in .mp4 in right way but doesn’t play in my phone even in my computer. The audio is OK but the video is in green. Can I repair it? The video clip is very important and memorable for me. Thanks!”

Actually, this often happens if the MP4 file gets corrupted. You will find that its audio & video are not synchronized or sometimes you are able to hear the audio but the video is not visible. In such case, you will need MP4 Repair to fix corrupted MP4 video. In this article, we will introduce two free tools to repair MP4 file and make it playable again.

Stellar Phoenix MP4 Video Repair ($69)

It is a handy program to repair various video files, such as MP4, MOV, 3GP, 3G2, M4V, and F4V. It can help you fix corrupt/damaged MP4 files no matter if they are stored on the computer hard drive, external memory disk or other storage devices. You can preview the repaired video before you pay. Sound/movement/header/duration corruption can be resolved easily.

File Repair

File Repair is a powerful corrupted MP4 File Repair tool. It is able to extract the data from the corrupted MP4 file to a new document. Besides MP4, File Repair supports different file formats, such as, AVI, MOV, MP3, WAV, JPEG, GIF, BMP, PNG, DOC, XLS, ZIP, RAR, etc.

1. Browse through your computer to add the corrupt MP4 file you want to fix.
2. Click “change” to select a location for the repaired MP4 file.
3. Click “Start Repair” to begin repairing the corrupted MP4 file on your PC.

Digital Video Repair

Digital Video Repair is capable of fixing the broken parts of MP4 files. This MP4 Video Repair tool can help you repair MP4 files damaged by virus infection, application failures, system crashed, network errors, and many other reasons.

1. Click “Input” to locate the corrupt MP4 file on your computer and then click “Open”.
2. Click “Output” and select a place to save the repaired MP4 video file.
3. Click “Check Errors” to begin the repair process and fix the corrupt MP4 video.

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Scrabble3D is a very configurable version of the classic Scrabble game which offers many interesting options.

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You can play regular 2D Scrabble against the computer, with a local opponent, across your network or by connecting to a game server.

This default mode is straightforward to use. Click Game > New Game, choose the number of opponents and their type (#1 human, #2 computer, say), click OK and that's it. If you're playing against the computer then it'll make its first move immediately, your tiles are visible, and all you have to do is select, drag and drop them into position on the board.

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If you need something more, there's support for SuperScrabble (a 21x21 square board), a 3D variation which allows you to play in 3D space, or you can build a custom game with your own choice of board size, colours, timeout and word check rules, joker options, difficulty levels and more.

There are also plenty of advanced options for Scrabble experts, including post-game analyses where the computer calculates the best possible moves.

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Verdict:

Scrabble3D's interface isn't quite as straightforward as it should be, but you'll figure out all the key essentials very quickly, and overall it's an excellent and ultra-configurable version of this classic game

Free Download specifications. What's new in Video Enhancer 2.2.0. The user is also required to pick the so-called “Super Resolution work mode”, which can be focused either on speed. Video Enhancer 1.9.10.000 is 100% clean This download (VideoEnhancerSetup.exe) was tested thoroughly and was found 100% clean. Click 'Report Spyware' link on the top if you found this software contains any form of malware, including but not limited to: spyware, viruses, trojans and backdoors. Category: Video Editors Last Updated: 2020-10-12 File size: 3.11 MB Operating system: Windows 7/8/8.1/10 Download 789 818 downloads. This file will download from the developer's website. Video Enhancer version 2.2.0 for Windows was listed on Download.hr on and it is marked as Shareware. All software products that you can find on Download.hr, including Video Enhancer, are either free, freeware, shareware, full version, trial, demo or open-source. Free video enhancer for windows 7 download. Multimedia tools downloads - Video Enhancer by Infognition Co. And many more programs are available for instant and free download.

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2. Free Video Enhancer Software

In order to customize the quality of your videos you are required video enhancement software which are basically all about retouching and improving your videos. They are generally used for professional reasons but you can use them for personal needs too. This section is going to take into account about all such software for you.

Well, of course, you would surely want to check out free options before the paid ones. And this is why I came up with this perfect list containing the top 15 options which I personally think are going to prove to be good enough for you people.

1. Aiseesoft Video Enhancer

Aiseesoft offers this video enhancement software which comes in both free version as well as paid one. This video enhancer is actually way more than that and apart from improving your video quality to a whole different level it also works towards video resolution, video effects, background noises etc.

You can consider it as adding a layer of filter on your video to upscale its quality to at par of a professional one.

The kind of features that come along with Aiseesoft Video Enhancer are SD to HD video quality conversion, brightness and contrast optimization, removing video noises, rotation and flip, crop, watermark addition and many more. I think it works as a lukewarm video editor too which removes the need of finding a separate tool for editing.

2. Movavi Video Editor

Movavi offers this one of the best free video enhancement software which is more sort of a wholesome video editor. It is actually quite popular and used for editing and enhancing the video quality.

I think this is best suitable for the purpose of stabilizing your video if there are any noise, shaky recording, blurred focus etc. Along with working on the video you can also improve the audio and sound used with it and can equalize it to give an over-all perfect transformation to your video.

It actually came as a surprise to me that this video editor is available for free download however, you always have the chance to upgrade. Do not forget to check out the special effects and filters offered by it too.

3. Tipard Video Enhancer

You can get the full version of Tipard video enhancement software for $25 but if you are not up for full features then simply stick to the free version only. Its major focus remains towards enhancing the quality and color resolution along with balancing the video and de-shaking it.

So, rather than editing, the focus of Tipard Video Enhancer remains towards video enhancement which is the soul of this section.

Super Video Enhancer 1 0 55 Download Free Download

You can also use this software to convert the quality of the video from low to high and vice versa. Other features which comes handy with this tool are various filters, 3D effects, watermark, rotate and flip, clip videos to fragments, video noise reduction and a lot more.

4. Movie Maker 10

I think there should not be any doubt regarding the accuracy and performance of this video enhancement software. People usually think that Movie Maker is such a basic software to make movies, video clips etc. but this Movie Maker 10 is more than that.

Apart from providing basic features like background music, trimming, joining etc. you can also use this for enhancement purposes too.

I think the software is already a much established name and you should not argue over the features and services of it. Along with this you also get to use various filters, transitions effects, texts overlay, watermark, background noise reductions kind of features in this software. You can also upgrade to the paid version of this software anytime you want.

5. iMovie

iMovie is the kind of best video enhancement software which works only for the OS of iOS and Mac. However, it is known to be one of the most accomplished video editor available for the Apple devices and works for absolutely free too.

From upgrading your videos to stunning 4K quality to adding music and effects in the existing video, iMovie does it all for you.

This tool is actually quite beneficial in improving the quality of your videos from scratch. You can actually notice the instant change which gives a much professional vibe in your work than before. With multiple handy services like file transfer, direct sharing, video effects etc. it becomes way simpler to work on your videos.

6. Infognition Video Enhancer

Infognition has this video enhancement software to offer for free to the users but of course the full working tool comes at a price. It is highly recommended for improving the resolution of your videos and it tracks the motion and hence utilizes super resolution method for it.

In fact, this video enhancer is capable of converting low resolution videos into HD or 4K quality. Isn’t it just amazing as you won’t have to spend more on your camera then.

The software also provides access to more than 200 types of VirtualDub filters which can totally change the visual experience of your video clip. Apart from all, it comes with various basic and advanced video editing tools too so that you need not to install any other program for it.

7. Avidemux

Avidemux makes it to the next option of video enhancement software here in this list. This one is an entirely free video editing and enhancing tool but not as advanced as the rest of the options mentioned here. You can prefer it for simple cutting and encoding tasks.

Apart from it, Avidemux also offers various filters for your video clips too. With support to various formats of files, you can use variety of codecs in it too.

Free Video Enhancer Software

I think this is going to work as quite a lukewarm option under this category which only works towards filtering the video into a better quality. Other important features are missing from this tool and hence it is not recommended for any professional or commercial work at all.

8. Lightworks

Lightworks is such a popular video enhancing software that most of people in the industry know about it. Rather than being used for just improving your video quality, it is considered as more sort of an entire package and comes with various features and services altogether.

Despite being such a professional program, the user interface is quite simple and intuitive and of course all the features are easily accessible too.

You can use the basic version after registration and there are options available for upgrades too. With tons of amazing improved resolution and filtering options, I think this one is going to be the most cherished and used option in this list.

9. Video Cleaner

Video Cleaner is definitely one of my favorite option to mention in this list of video enhancement software. It has this amazing interface as well as all the required features to clean out your video and improve its quality to the professional grade.

The installation is pretty simple and this software is usually used for forensic video enhancement which are utilized in case investigation.

Not only that it improves the resolution of the video but also lit up the poorly shot video. With other features like face highlight, change in viewing perspective, stabilization of camera motion and much more, you can easily use it in the investigation of even a poor camera footage.

10. Videopad Video Editor

The next option in here is the Videopad Video Editor. It is a wholesome video editor which can be used for free but only for home use and not commercial one. This one comes with easy and intuitive interface along with multiple tools for movie making.

You can easily convert the quality of videos to that of HD and 4K and it supports videos from all types of sources having different formats.

The software also comes with 50 types of visuals and transitional effects which completely transform your video into that of a professional quality one. All the features come with easy drag and drop option and with this you also get various editing tools too.

11. Zwei-Stein Video Editor

Zwei-Stein is not only one of the best free video enhancer but more sort of a tailor made video program made for Windows OS. This one is a freeware tool which comes with non-linear video editing and compositing features and services.

The software allows you to edit more than 250 videos through the help of their 64 different types of video effects and filters.

Cropping, rotating, trimming are some other options to help you out. However, it comes with quite less options of video enhancement as compared to other software of this type. So, I will recommend this one for average enhancement with basic editing.

12. VSDC Video Editor

VSDC is such a popular name amongst video editing services especially because of the fact that it is a completely free program. However, you can use this one as a video enhancement software too because of the multiple options and features provided with it.

You can use this as a video editor, audio converter, video converter and even audio CD grabber too. You can also create great quality HD videos through it.

It works well for the quality and resolution improvement of a video clip of any length. And with such a fast speed of the tool, it becomes way simpler, efficient and time saving to work on it.

13. Openshot

The next option that we have here for the category of video enhancement software is Openshot. This is an open source and absolutely simple type of video enhancement and editing program which can be used to create stunning and high quality videos on your own.

Along with various video effects, you can also establish cross-platform connectivity with it. You can easily resize a clip and can also improve its video quality in just minutes.

Now increase the brightness in a video or include hue or grayscale in it. Openshot allows you to do it all through its intuitive interface and drag and drop feature. And of course, it is definitely free of cost with no hidden fee at all.

14. Thundershare Video Editor

Thundershare Video Editor can be used as a video quality enhancer software too but its full version comes at a price of $49.95. But you can download the free version for the basic features.

I personally liked its fragmented editing and enhancing function the most where you can remove the certain parts from the clip while the rest of the video remains the same. You can also improve the resolution, add watermark, rotate, trim, split and cut the video.

There are various effects provided along with multiple options to improve the quality of not only the video but the audio too. In this way you get to watch your video in the best quality possible without even having to spend anything for it.

15. Patchmaker

The last option of video enhancement software that I picked in here is Patchmaker. The main focus of this tool lays on improving the quality and over-all presentation of your video and there are multiple tools and features provided for the same.

From tracking objects to parametric motion model, you can use Patchmaker for it all which makes it perfect for even footage investigation too.

You can also stabilize your videos through it very well and hence the final outcome always comes as a great video no matter how you have shot it.

You should also check 10+ Best Free Screen Capture Software.

Conclusion

These video enhancement software are not just meant to upgrade the visual quality of your recorded file but they also contribute in a lot of technical advancements too. In fact, it has become quite common to use such tools to literally revolutionize your video quality and that too in just some seconds. If you are an avid video maker then you should totally try them out.

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Discussion in 'PC Apllications' started by mitsumi, Oct 13, 2020.

IconJar 1.13.0 | Mac OS X | 6 MB.

Iconjar lets dig through your folders asset design and lets you access your icons without the hassle. Its organizer icons is always one click. It offers incredible support for SVG fonts and icons that you can drag and drop any application. It ‘s not rocket science, we promise.

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Browse and preview with great efficiency
Finding Iconjar has been designed and developed quickly and efficiently. Press the space bar and preview the icon in any size using our custom function Quicklook.
Drag and drop any application on your Mac
even works in combination with applications that do not support SVG *. Our goal is to IconJar part of your workflow without even noticing.
Export icons easily and optionally use embedded presets
design hand-off becomes super easy with the help of our export function. Simply select the icons you want, choose your preferred sizes, click Export and take care of the rest.

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Iconjar 2 2 0 Mod 1 12 2

2. Uploadcare

Uploadcare provides media uploading, processing and CDN for your blog. Add media directly from your computer, any URL, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox or Google Drive. You can upload even very large images and crop them.Features:-Upload images of any resolution-Crop images-Upload documents and archives-Choose images from Facebook or Instagram-Choose files from Dropbox...... TpSort Score | 28,400,000

3. VoiceThread

With VoiceThread, group conversations are collected and shared in one place from anywhere in the world. All with no software to install.A VoiceThread is a collaborative, multimedia slide show that holds images, documents, and videos and allows people to navigate pages and leave comments in 5 ways - using voice...... TpSort Score | 2,310,000

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• Proxifier For Windows
• Proxifier 3.4.2
• Proxifier For Mac 2 26 +

Proxifier Setup Guide (Mac OSX, WindowXP, Vista)

Tested versions These issues were successfully verified on Proxifier for Mac v2.18. Fix Proxifier v2.19 was released that addresses these issues. Introduction Proxifier is a program that allows network applications that do not support proxy servers to operate through a SOCKS. Proxifier will provide you with added privacy in all your Internet activities. An example is sending and receiving email through a proxy server or by chaining multiple proxy servers together. Version 2.26: Performance problems with macOS Catalina 10.15 fixed; Improved handling for adding apps in Proxification Rules; Compatibility. Proxifier 2.19 MAC OS X Proxifier 2.19 Size: 2.34 MB Proxifier allows users to access any Internet application via firewalled/proxied network. There are many network applications that do not support working through proxy servers and thus cannot be used behind a LAN or firewall(s).It solves this problem and gives you the opportunity to work with your favorite software without any restrictions. Proxifier 2.26.1. 14 November 2019. Crummy interface. The UI is ugly and un-Mac-like, but more importantly, it's weird and confusing.

Posted by gametuneproxy on April 28, 2009

Proxifier Setup Guide:

Download from to www.proxifier.com.

1)Launch Proxifier and open the proxy settings.

Proxifier For Windows

2)Click Add…

3) * set “Address” as gametune.homeip.net
* set “Port” as 3128
* select “HTTP ”
* TICK “Use authentication”
* Key in your username and password
* click “Ok”

4) Select Proxification Rules…
5) * Select “Process Only the following + manually proxified”
* Uncheck the “Loopback” rule
* Click Add…

6) * Give the rule a name eg: “WOW”
* Click Add… under “Applications” and select your wow.exe file
* Leave “IP Ranges” as “ALL”
* Leave “Port Range” as “ALL”
* Click Ok…

7) * Make sure that your new rule “WOW” is selected
* Click Ok…

That’s it! Next time you want to play wow just launch the WoW app, make sure Proxifier is running and then start WOW.

Important Notes:

In Windows Vista If Proxifier loads WoW with no ping change.

You will need to go to your Proxifier install directory (e.g. C:Program FilesProxifier.) Right Click on your proxifier.exe. Then click PROPERTIES then under the COMPATIBILITY tab at the bottom, TICK “Run this Program as an Administrator” then click APPLY.

If you cannot tick the box (greyed Out) your User Access Control may be turned off (UAC can be turned On in Your user accounts area.)

——————————————————————————–

Proxifier gives a Network error when starting for the first time
Go to Start Menu/Programs/Proxifier and start the “Network Configurator”. Once you’ve gone through the wizard, Proxifier should work.

Proxifier Setup Guide (Mac OSX, WindowXP, Vista)

Posted by gametuneproxy on April 28, 2009

Proxifier Setup Guide:

Download from to www.proxifier.com.

1)Launch Proxifier and open the proxy settings.

2)Click Add…

3) * set “Address” as gametune.homeip.net
* set “Port” as 3128
* select “HTTP ”
* TICK “Use authentication”
* Key in your username and password
* click “Ok”

4) Select Proxification Rules…
5) * Select “Process Only the following + manually proxified”
* Uncheck the “Loopback” rule
* Click Add…

6) * Give the rule a name eg: “WOW”
* Click Add… under “Applications” and select your wow.exe file
* Leave “IP Ranges” as “ALL”
* Leave “Port Range” as “ALL”
* Click Ok…

7) * Make sure that your new rule “WOW” is selected
* Click Ok…

That’s it! Next time you want to play wow just launch the WoW app, make sure Proxifier is running and then start WOW.

Important Notes:

In Windows Vista If Proxifier loads WoW with no ping change.

You will need to go to your Proxifier install directory (e.g. C:Program FilesProxifier.) Right Click on your proxifier.exe. Then click PROPERTIES then under the COMPATIBILITY tab at the bottom, TICK “Run this Program as an Administrator” then click APPLY.

If you cannot tick the box (greyed Out) your User Access Control may be turned off (UAC can be turned On in Your user accounts area.)

——————————————————————————–

Proxifier gives a Network error when starting for the first time
Go to Start Menu/Programs/Proxifier and start the “Network Configurator”. Once you’ve gone through the wizard, Proxifier should work.

Download Mac Proxifier for Mac 2.26 Full version – FREE!

Proxifier allows network applications that do not support working through proxy servers to operate through a SOCKS or HTTPS proxy and chains.

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Proxifier 3.4.2

Key Features

• Proxy Everything
  Redirect connections of any internet app (browser, email, database, game, etc.) through a proxy.
• Master Your Corporate Network
  Control access to resources. Route all your connections through a single entry point. Update multiple configurations remotely from a single place.
• Improve Your Connection
  Route internet traffic through faster routes.
• Security and Privacy
  Lightweight and flexible alternative to VPN. Tunnel your connections through encrypted channels.
• Exceed Limitations
  Use a proxy as a gateway for your internet activities.
• Flexibility
  Assign different proxies or chains to different connections using the rule-based system.

Proxifier For Mac 2 26 +

Home Page: https://www.proxifier.com/mac/